1、Parallel Class
1.1、For方法
1.2、ForEach方法
1.3、Invoke方法
2、并發控制疑問?
2.1、使用Lock鎖
2.2、使用PLINQ——用AsParallel
2.3、使用PLINQ——用ParallelEnumerable
2.4、使用Interlocked操作
2.5、使用Parallel.For的有Thread-Local變量重載函數
性能比較
using System.Threading.Tasks;
class Test
{
static int N = 1000;
static void TestMethod()
{
// Using a named method.
Parallel.For(0, N, Method2);
// Using an anonymous method.
Parallel.For(0, N, delegate(int i)
{
// Do Work.
});
// Using a lambda expression.
Parallel.For(0, N, i =>
}
static void Method2(int i)
// Do work.
}
上面這個例子簡單易懂,上篇我們就是用的Parallel.For,這裡就不解釋了。其實Parallel類的方法主要分為下面三類:
For方法
ForEach方法
Invoke方法
在裡面執行的for循環可能并行地運作,它有12個重載。這12個重載中Int32參數和Int64參數的方法各為6個,下面以Int32為例列出:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApplication2
class Program
// Demonstrated features:
// CancellationTokenSource
// Parallel.For()
// ParallelOptions
// ParallelLoopResult
// Expected results:
// An iteration for each argument value (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) is executed.
// The order of execution of the iterations is undefined.
// The iteration when i=2 cancels the loop.
// Some iterations may bail out or not start at all; because they are temporally executed in unpredictable order,
// it is impossible to say which will start/complete and which won't.
// At the end, an OperationCancelledException is surfaced.
// Documentation:
// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.threading.cancellationtokensource(VS.100).aspx
static void Main(string[] args)
CancellationTokenSource cancellationSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
ParallelOptions options = new ParallelOptions();
options.CancellationToken = cancellationSource.Token;
try
{
ParallelLoopResult loopResult = Parallel.For(
0,
10,
options,
(i, loopState) =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Start Thread={0}, i={1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, i);
// Simulate a cancellation of the loop when i=2
if (i == 2)
{
cancellationSource.Cancel();
}
// Simulates a long execution
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
Thread.Sleep(1 * 200);
// check to see whether or not to continue
if (loopState.ShouldExitCurrentIteration) return;
Console.WriteLine("Finish Thread={0}, i={1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, i);
}
);
if (loopResult.IsCompleted)
{
Console.WriteLine("All iterations completed successfully. THIS WAS NOT EXPECTED.");
}
}
// No exception is expected in this example, but if one is still thrown from a task,
// it will be wrapped in AggregateException and propagated to the main thread.
catch (AggregateException e)
Console.WriteLine("Parallel.For has thrown an AggregateException. THIS WAS NOT EXPECTED.\n{0}", e);
// Catching the cancellation exception
catch (OperationCanceledException e)
Console.WriteLine("An iteration has triggered a cancellation. THIS WAS EXPECTED.\n{0}", e.ToString());
}
提供的每個動作可能并行地執行,它有2個重載。
例如下面代碼執行了三個操作(來自MSDN):
static void Main()
Parallel.Invoke(
BasicAction, // Param #0 - static method
() => // Param #1 - lambda expression
Console.WriteLine("Method=beta, Thread={0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
},
delegate() // Param #2 - in-line delegate
Console.WriteLine("Method=gamma, Thread={0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
// No exception is expected in this example, but if one is still thrown from a task,
// it will be wrapped in AggregateException and propagated to the main thread.
Console.WriteLine("An action has thrown an exception. THIS WAS UNEXPECTED.\n{0}", e.InnerException.ToString());
static void BasicAction()
Console.WriteLine("Method=alpha, Thread={0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
有人提出以下疑問:“如果For裡面的東西,對于順序敏感的話,會不會有問題。并行處理的話,說到底應該是多線程。如果需要Lock住什麼東西的話,應該怎麼做呢?例如這個例子不是對數組填充,是對檔案操作呢?對某個資源操作呢?”
{
int loops=0;
while (loops <= 100)
long sum = 0;
Parallel.For(1, 1001, delegate(long i)
sum += i;
});
System.Console.WriteLine(sum);
loops++;
在上述代碼中,為了校驗正确性我進行了重複做了100次,得出如下結果:
<a target="_blank" href="http://blog.51cto.com/attachment/201008/163420107.png"></a>
圖1、100次的前面部分結果
我們知道500500才是正确的答案,這說明Parallel.For不能保證對sum正确的并發執行,對此我們應該加上适當的控制,并借機來回答上面提出的如何加鎖的問題。下面有幾種方案可以解決這個問題:
這個我就不多解釋了,直接上代碼:
int loops = 0;
object moniter = new object();
long sum = 0;
lock (moniter) { sum += i; }
我們加上lock鎖之後就會得出正确的結果。
關于PLINQ,以後将會介紹到,這裡不會詳細介紹,感興趣的自行查閱資料。代碼如下:
long sum = 0;
sum = Enumerable.Range(0, 1001).AsParallel().Sum();
運作可以得到正确的結果。
這個也不多說,直接上代碼,因為關于PLINQ将在以後詳細介紹,感興趣的自行查閱資料。
sum = ParallelEnumerable.Range(0, 1001).Sum();
運作同樣可以得到正确結果。
代碼如下:
Interlocked.Add(ref sum, i);
運作可以得到正确結果。
這個方法已經在1.2中介紹,這裡直接上代碼,代碼如下:
int sum = 0;
Parallel.For(0, 1001, () => 0, (i, state,subtotal) =>
subtotal += i;
return subtotal;
},
partial => Interlocked.Add(ref sum, partial));
運作可得正确結果。
上面的解決方案那個比較好呢?請大家各抒己見!關于這個我已經測試了一下。
PS:感覺寫這篇的時候很累,思緒也很亂,不知大家對這篇還滿意(⊙_⊙)?有什麼地方需要改進,或者說不易了解,或者哪個地方錯了!
本文轉自Saylor87 51CTO部落格,原文連結:http://blog.51cto.com/skynet/365694,如需轉載請自行聯系原作者