國軍11個師六天六夜瘋狂進攻，塔山阻擊戰解放軍是怎樣打赢的？

以下文章來源于冷熱防務，作者孤寂寒光

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解放戰争進入1948年，戰局已經發生根本的改變。我軍經過兩年内外線作戰，大量消滅了國民黨軍有生力量，更是打出了孟良崮戰役、濟南戰役、豫東戰役這樣的殲滅戰。

在東北戰場，經過兩年的拉鋸，東北野戰軍已經初步具備圍殲東北國民黨軍的能力。此時連接配接遼甯與吉林重要的據點四平已經被我軍解放，國民黨軍已經被分割在兩個獨立的戰場。但此時的蔣介石并不想接受失敗，畢竟自己的精銳部隊就駐紮在東北這片戰場。

在這樣的情況下，遼沈戰役爆發了。而這場大殲滅戰的關鍵就是塔山阻擊戰。在這場慘烈的阻擊戰裡，我軍阻擋住了國民黨軍11個師的猛攻，奠定了遼沈戰役勝利的基礎。

塔山并不是一座山而是一個村莊，塔山在今天葫蘆島市龍港區。塔山并沒有什麼險要地形，全村最高的一座山海拔261米。村中有一條公路穿過，去往40公裡外的錦州市，村東還有一條鐵路穿過丘陵去往錦州市。塔山是整個遼西走廊最為狹窄的地段，北面是白台山，南面是錦州灣，整條走廊隻有12公裡寬。

是以，國軍想要救援錦州完成東西合圍的戰略，塔山是必須通過的一個要點。為此，蔣介石對這場攻擊戰非常看重，親自到前線部署。救援錦州的東進兵團也是相當豪華，其中第54軍、新6軍是美械裝備軍，第62軍、第92軍是半美械裝備軍。後調來的獨95師更是被譽為“趙子龍師”，是國軍裡為數不多的攻擊部隊。

在這個無險可守的小村莊，我軍是如何在國民黨狂轟濫炸下守住6天6夜的呢？

林彪

面對國民黨軍11個師的進攻，林彪指令第2兵團第4縱隊和第11縱隊，以及冀察熱遼軍區獨立第4師、獨立第6師共八個師的兵力守衛塔山，指令如下：“錦敵距離甚短。。。。布置頑強勇敢的攻勢防禦。”這就是我軍阻擋國民黨軍進攻的第一步，在寬度隻有8公裡的正面陣地，由于兵力過于密集不便于我軍采用以往的靈活防禦模式改為攻勢防禦。

所謂攻勢防禦就是在陣地構築堅固防禦攻勢，抵擋敵人十幾次猛烈攻勢，當敵人有生力量被大量殺傷後組織反擊将敵人殲滅在陣地外。為此，林彪令平時猛打猛沖，擅長進攻的四縱負責正面防禦。這套還是蠻有用的，在6天時間裡，國民黨軍雖然也曾突破部分陣地，但我軍在整體上并沒有丢失一寸陣地，國民黨軍隻是丢下無數屍體。

10月10日，阙漢骞指揮第54軍第8師、新6軍暫62師、第62軍等五個師在40多門重炮的掩護下向塔山進攻。淩晨四點，新六軍暫62師向打漁山陣地猛攻。此時4縱第12師一個班剛好在修防禦陣地，見到敵軍來攻被迫放棄陣地。随後敵軍再次猛攻又占領了高家灘前沿陣地，達成了戰役的突然性。

阙漢骞

第12師師長江燮元馬上組織反擊，在高家灘和塔山堡利用輕重火力殺傷敵軍。我軍利用國民黨軍炮火延伸向我軍陣地發動沖鋒的時間，集中110門火炮将前鋒部隊與後面的援軍隔開，然後用輕重機槍形成交叉火力消滅來犯之敵。

當這輪防禦戰鬥殺傷大量敵人之後，4縱隊第12師第34團從側面包抄圍殲了敵軍。随後，第12師第34團 與第10師第29團一個營向打漁山陣地進行反沖鋒。塔山阻擊戰第一天戰鬥中，國民黨軍被殲滅1000多人，我軍傷亡300多人。

我軍能夠制勝的第二個法寶就是修築堅固工事。在第一天阻擊戰中，我軍能夠被國民黨軍輕易突破防禦陣地一個重要的原因就是工事不行。4縱常年打運動戰，陣地戰并不是他們的強項。4縱修的很多工事在敵人第一輪炮擊中就被摧毀了。

塔山阻擊戰

這個時候我軍的解放戰士們發揮作用了。國民黨軍事系統中的骨幹都是黃埔軍校和日本士官學校出身的将領，他們都系統學習過一戰時期的塹壕戰。是以，國軍士兵大多都善于修築工事。這個時候輪到4縱将士向這些國民黨士兵學習了。

根據這些解放戰士傳授的經驗，4縱在壕溝前挖了一個個洞用于躲避火炮，然後等炮火延伸後再出洞打擊敵人。這種戰法大大減少了傷亡。4縱還把壕溝挖到了1.5米深。這樣，敵軍無法觀察到我軍運動方向，找不到進攻方向，隻能通過火力偵查摸排。這樣大大降低了國民黨軍的戰場感覺能力。

然而這些還不足以使我軍獲得勝利。戰鬥進行到10月13日，獨95師從華北調到了前線，這一天也是戰鬥最為激烈的一天。獨95師在抗戰期間号稱沒有丢過一挺機槍，這在兵敗如山倒的國軍部隊裡已經相當厲害。獨95師在塔山前線采用波浪式進攻。這一進攻方式就是以團為機關向敵軍陣地發動進攻，每一個團三個營輪番進攻，輕重機槍集中使用掩護步兵沖鋒。

面對這一進攻方式，我軍在陣地設立觀察哨，僅留少量哨兵觀察敵人，大部隊藏在防空洞或者彈坑裡躲避炮火攻擊。等敵人抵近的時候傳回陣地對敵人進行殺傷。根據當日的作戰會議，國民黨軍各将領反映炮兵無法發現目标，隻是盲目射擊。等到士兵推進到陣地前沿的時候，突然遭到敵軍火力攻擊，打得各部隊擡不起頭。

而且解放軍在陣地裡構築了大量堅固工事，國民黨士兵無法破壞這些障礙物，根本就無法前進。而這次阻擊戰就是我軍未來的标準戰法，在後來的抗美援朝戰争中同樣得到了廣泛使用。

解放軍

與我軍形成鮮明對比的是國民黨方面的瞎指揮。在人事安排層面，蔣介石把阙漢骞派到了東北戰場指揮東進兵團。與此同時，東北“剿總”副司令陳鐵也負責指揮部隊。更重要的是，這兩人在職位上都是軍長，手下的兵力也相差不多。兩者因為無法互相節制，導緻戰役開始前指揮就比較混亂。

再有就是空軍方面與東北“剿總”司令衛立煌和陳鐵的關系也不太好，經常是敷衍了事甚至出現誤炸。一名國民黨飛行員在戰鬥中還炸死了一個國軍連長。

羅奇的獨95師到達戰場後，為了争功更讓國民黨各部隊停止進攻一天。其實在連續兩天的作戰中，我軍阻擊部隊已經出現了彈藥短缺的情況，一些部隊已經開始用石頭與敵人作戰。但一天的停戰讓阻擊部隊得到了補充，大量彈藥被運送到了前線。等到再次發起進攻時，獨95師面臨的是一個準備較為充分的4縱。前兩天戰役突然性打掉的一些工事早已經被修好。

羅奇

這是這種此消彼長之下，我軍将士在兵力、火力處于劣勢的情況下，血戰六天六夜守住了塔山陣地。而與此同時，守衛錦州的國民黨防禦部隊卻因為大量炮兵被調到沈陽而無法組織起足夠的火力應對東北野戰軍主力的進攻。僅僅31個小時，被範漢傑寄予厚望的錦州城就被我軍拿下。國民黨在大陸的統治也進入倒計時。

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（本文僅代表作者觀點，不代表本号立場）

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