中文題目：知識需求模型：産生具有社會經濟影響的技術創新的循證架構
英文題目：Need to Knowledge (NtK) Model: an evidence-based framework for generating technological innovations with socio-economic impacts
摘要：背景：傳統的政府政策表明，科學研究的上遊投資對于産生技術創新是必要且充分的。預計下遊有益的社會經濟影響可能通過非政府市場機制産生。然而，幾乎沒有定量證據表明投入端的公共投資與影響端的市場效益之間存在如此直接和公式化的關系。相反，文獻表明，技術創新過程涉及多個部門、方法和利益相關者之間的複雜互動。讨論：作者認為，以深思熟慮和系統的方式完成技術創新的全過程需要一個包含三種基本方法的操作級模型，每種方法旨在在不同的狀态下産生知識輸出：科學研究産生概念發現；工程開發産生原型發明；工業生産産生商業創新。鑒于工程和商業的關鍵作用，整個創新過程應持續考慮商業市場的實際需求和限制。知識需求（NtK）模型包括成功産生創新所需的活動，以及将所有三個州的知識産出有效傳達給相關利益相關者的相關戰略。它有意基于從學術分析中獲得的證據，以促進客觀和定量審查，并基于行業最佳實踐，以實作實際應用。總結：知識需求（NtK）模型提供了一種實用的、面向市場的方法，可以避免無方向活動和不相連部門固有的差距、限制和低效。NtK模式是一種實作公共投資增加回報的手段，這些科技項目明确旨在産生有益的社會經濟影響。
Abstract:Background: Traditional government policies suggest that upstream investment in scientific research is necessary and sufficient to generate technological innovations. The expected downstream beneficial socio-economic impacts are presumed to occur through non-government market mechanisms. However, there is little quantitative evidence for such a direct and formulaic relationship between public investment at the input end and marketplace benefits at the impact end. Instead, the literature demonstrates that the technological innovation process involves a complex interaction between multiple sectors, methods, and stakeholders. Discussion: The authors theorize that accomplishing the full process of technological innovation in a deliberate and systematic manner requires an operational-level model encompassing three underlying methods, each designed to generate knowledge outputs in different states: scientific research generates conceptual discoveries; engineering development generates prototype inventions; and industrial production generates commercial innovations. Given the critical roles of engineering and business, the entire innovation process should continuously consider the practical requirements and constraints of the commercial marketplace. The Need to Knowledge (NtK) Model encompasses the activities required to successfully generate innovations, along with associated strategies for effectively communicating knowledge outputs in all three states to the various stakeholders involved. It is intentionally grounded in evidence drawn from academic analysis to facilitate objective and quantitative scrutiny, and industry best practices to enable practical application. Summary: The Need to Knowledge (NtK) Model offers a practical, market-oriented approach that avoids the gaps, constraints and inefficiencies inherent in undirected activities and disconnected sectors. The NtK Model is a means to realizing increased returns on public investments in those science and technology programs expressly intended to generate beneficial socio-economic impacts.
來源期刊：IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE，2013年
參考文獻格式：Flagg, Jennifer L.&Lane, Joseph P.&Lockett, Michelle M..Need to Knowledge (NtK) Model: an evidence-based framework forgenerating technological innovations with socio-economic impacts[J].IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE,2013,8(期号):起始頁-結束頁