程序經典同步問題

1. 讀者-寫者問題

允許多個程序同時對資料進行讀操作，但是不允許讀和寫以及寫和寫操作同時發生。

一個整型變量 count 記錄在對資料進行讀操作的程序數量，一個互斥量 count_mutex 用于對 count 加鎖，一個互斥量 data_mutex 用于對讀寫的資料加鎖。

typedef int semaphore;
semaphore count_mutex = 1;
semaphore data_mutex = 1;
int count = 0;

void reader() {
    while(TRUE) {
        down(&count_mutex);
        count++;
        if(count == 1) down(&data_mutex); // 第一個讀者需要對資料進行加鎖，防止寫程序通路
        up(&count_mutex);
        read();
        down(&count_mutex);
        count--;
        if(count == 0) up(&data_mutex);
        up(&count_mutex);
    }
}

void writer() {
    while(TRUE) {
        down(&data_mutex);
        write();
        up(&data_mutex);
    }
}
           

以下内容由 @Bandi Yugandhar 提供。

The first case may result Writer to starve. This case favous Writers i.e no writer, once added to the queue, shall be kept waiting longer than absolutely necessary(only when there are readers that entered the queue before the writer).

int readcount, writecount;                   //(initial value = 0)
semaphore rmutex, wmutex, readLock, resource; //(initial value = 1)

//READER
void reader() {
<ENTRY Section>
 down(&readLock);                 //  reader is trying to enter
 down(&rmutex);                  //   lock to increase readcount
  readcount++;                 
  if (readcount == 1)          
   down(&resource);              //if you are the first reader then lock  the resource
 up(&rmutex);                  //release  for other readers
 up(&readLock);                 //Done with trying to access the resource

<CRITICAL Section>
//reading is performed

<EXIT Section>
 down(&rmutex);                  //reserve exit section - avoids race condition with readers
 readcount--;                       //indicate you're leaving
  if (readcount == 0)          //checks if you are last reader leaving
   up(&resource);              //if last, you must release the locked resource
 up(&rmutex);                  //release exit section for other readers
}

//WRITER
void writer() {
  <ENTRY Section>
  down(&wmutex);                  //reserve entry section for writers - avoids race conditions
  writecount++;                //report yourself as a writer entering
  if (writecount == 1)         //checks if you're first writer
   down(&readLock);               //if you're first, then you must lock the readers out. Prevent them from trying to enter CS
  up(&wmutex);                  //release entry section

<CRITICAL Section>
 down(&resource);                //reserve the resource for yourself - prevents other writers from simultaneously editing the shared resource
  //writing is performed
 up(&resource);                //release file

<EXIT Section>
  down(&wmutex);                  //reserve exit section
  writecount--;                //indicate you're leaving
  if (writecount == 0)         //checks if you're the last writer
   up(&readLock);               //if you're last writer, you must unlock the readers. Allows them to try enter CS for reading
  up(&wmutex);                  //release exit section
}
           

We can observe that every reader is forced to acquire ReadLock. On the otherhand, writers doesn’t need to lock individually. Once the first writer locks the ReadLock, it will be released only when there is no writer left in the queue.

From the both cases we observed that either reader or writer has to starve. Below solutionadds the constraint that no thread shall be allowed to starve; that is, the operation of obtaining a lock on the shared data will always terminate in a bounded amount of time.

int readCount;                  // init to 0; number of readers currently accessing resource

// all semaphores initialised to 1
Semaphore resourceAccess;       // controls access (read/write) to the resource
Semaphore readCountAccess;      // for syncing changes to shared variable readCount
Semaphore serviceQueue;         // FAIRNESS: preserves ordering of requests (signaling must be FIFO)

void writer()
{
    down(&serviceQueue);           // wait in line to be servicexs
    // <ENTER>
    down(&resourceAccess);         // request exclusive access to resource
    // </ENTER>
    up(&serviceQueue);           // let next in line be serviced

    // <WRITE>
    writeResource();            // writing is performed
    // </WRITE>

    // <EXIT>
    up(&resourceAccess);         // release resource access for next reader/writer
    // </EXIT>
}

void reader()
{
    down(&serviceQueue);           // wait in line to be serviced
    down(&readCountAccess);        // request exclusive access to readCount
    // <ENTER>
    if (readCount == 0)         // if there are no readers already reading:
        down(&resourceAccess);     // request resource access for readers (writers blocked)
    readCount++;                // update count of active readers
    // </ENTER>
    up(&serviceQueue);           // let next in line be serviced
    up(&readCountAccess);        // release access to readCount

    // <READ>
    readResource();             // reading is performed
    // </READ>

    down(&readCountAccess);        // request exclusive access to readCount
    // <EXIT>
    readCount--;                // update count of active readers
    if (readCount == 0)         // if there are no readers left:
        up(&resourceAccess);     // release resource access for all
    // </EXIT>
    up(&readCountAccess);        // release access to readCount
}

           

1. 哲學家進餐問題

<div align="center"> <img src="https://cs-notes-1256109796.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/a9077f06-7584-4f2b-8c20-3a8e46928820.jpg"/> </div><br>

#define N 5

void philosopher(int i) {
    while(TRUE) {
        think();
        take(i);       // 拿起左邊的筷子
        take((i+1)%N); // 拿起右邊的筷子
        eat();
        put(i);
        put((i+1)%N);
    }
}
           

• 必須同時拿起左右兩根筷子；
• 隻有在兩個鄰居都沒有進餐的情況下才允許進餐。

#define N 5
#define LEFT (i + N - 1) % N // 左鄰居
#define RIGHT (i + 1) % N    // 右鄰居
#define THINKING 0
#define HUNGRY   1
#define EATING   2
typedef int semaphore;
int state[N];                // 跟蹤每個哲學家的狀态
semaphore mutex = 1;         // 臨界區的互斥
semaphore s[N];              // 每個哲學家一個信号量

void philosopher(int i) {
    while(TRUE) {
        think();
        take_two(i);
        eat();
        put_two(i);
    }
}

void take_two(int i) {
    down(&mutex);
    state[i] = HUNGRY;
    test(i);
    up(&mutex);
    down(&s[i]);
}

void put_two(i) {
    down(&mutex);
    state[i] = THINKING;
    test(LEFT);
    test(RIGHT);
    up(&mutex);
}

void test(i) {         // 嘗試拿起兩把筷子
    if(state[i] == HUNGRY && state[LEFT] != EATING && state[RIGHT] !=EATING) {
        state[i] = EATING;
        up(&s[i]);
    }
}