注:本次操作以ContOS
6為例,但應該可以應用到其它大部分的distro上(guess)。
mdadm的幾個常用參數
-C 建立Raid,後面跟參數,代表raid裝置的名稱。比如:/dev/md0,/dev/md1。
-n 用于建立磁盤陣列的磁盤個數。
-l Raid的級别。
-x 指定用于hotspare(熱備盤)的磁盤個數。如果陣列中有一塊硬碟壞了,它會立刻頂上,并rebuild;
-D 顯示軟raid的詳細資訊;
-s 掃描配置檔案(/etc/mdadm.conf)或'/proc/mdstat'來檢視遺漏的資訊f;
建立軟raid的大體流程
使用fdisk工具為新磁盤建立分區;
使用mkfs.XXXX工具将剛才劃分好的分區格式化成某種格式的檔案系統。比如:ext3,reiserfs等;
使用mdadm來建立軟raid;
建立/etc/mdadm.conf檔案(注意檔案的格式,包括是否有逗号等等。該檔案是為了系統在重新開機後能
夠自動啟用軟raid。可以檢視/etc/rc.sysinit腳本,搜尋'mdadm'字元串就明白了);
示例:建立軟raid5(+hotspare)
以下是我的一次實際操作的完整過程:
這是用'fdisk -l'指令檢視到的我目前的磁盤和分區情況(隻有/dev/sda在使用,
其它四個都是新磁盤,沒有分區,沒有格式化):
# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id
System
/dev/sda1 * 1 720 5783368+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 721
783 506047+ 82 Linux swap
Disk /dev/sdb: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sdc: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sdd: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Disk /dev/sdd doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sde: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Disk /dev/sde doesn't contain a valid partition
table
使用fdisk建立分區(本例中将整塊磁盤劃分為一個主分區。其餘幾塊磁盤也做相同的操作。):
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI
or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory
only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the
previous
content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected
by w(rite)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-204, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-204, default
204):
Using default value 204
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
為剛才建立的分區建立檔案系統(其餘幾個分區依次做相同的操作):
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
52416 inodes, 208880 blocks
10444 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
26 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2016 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:
done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts
or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to
override.
所有磁盤都操作完後,再次用'fdisk
-l'檢視磁盤及分區狀态:
# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id
System
/dev/sda1 * 1 720 5783368+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 721
783 506047+ 82 Linux swap
Disk /dev/sdb: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id
System
/dev/sdb1 1 204 208880 83
Linux
Disk /dev/sdc: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id
System
/dev/sdc1 1 204 208880 83
Linux
Disk /dev/sdd: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id
System
/dev/sdd1 1 204 208880 83
Linux
Disk /dev/sde: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id
System
/dev/sde1 1 204 208880 83
Linux
使用mdadm建立一個軟raid,raid級别:5;并有一個hotspare盤:
# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l5 -n3 -x1 /dev/sd[b-e]1
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
輸出資訊顯示軟raid(/dev/md0)已經啟用了。使用mdadm的-D參數(--detail)可以查
看軟raid狀态:
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB)
Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:21 2006
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Number Major Minor
RaidDevice State
0 8
17
0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8
33
1 active sync /dev/sdc1
2 8
49
2 active sync /dev/sdd1
3 8
65
-1
spare
/dev/sde1
UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
Events : 0.2
生成配置檔案(/etc/mdadm.conf):
# mdadm -D -s >/etc/mdadm.conf
檢視一下:
# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid5 num-devices=3
UUID=f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1,/dev/sdd1,/dev/sde1
修改(把上面devices=後面的磁盤,都放到DEVICE後面,并且不要逗号。而/dev/md0之後
的内容,都要用逗号來分隔):
DEVICE /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
ARRAY /dev/md0
level=raid5,num-devices=3,UUID=f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416重新開機一下,檢測配置好的軟raid是否能夠在系統重新開機後自動啟用。
重新開機後,檢視'/proc/mdstat'檔案就可以看到軟raid的狀态:
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid5]
md0 : active raid5 sdb1[0] sde1[3] sdd1[2] sdc1[1]
417536 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
unused devices:
That's all.
出現故障後的恢複
這裡指的出現故障,是指raid中的一塊磁盤出現了故障,無法使用。這時候需要使用額外的
磁盤來代替它。這裡以強制将某塊磁盤标記為已損壞,來模拟實際出現故障(注:新的磁盤
的容量最好和已損壞的磁盤一緻):
将/dev/sdb1标記為已損壞:
# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb1
mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md0
這時候使用mdadm的-D參數來檢視狀态,可以看到/dev/sdb1已經被認為是faulty,而
hotspare(熱備)盤'/dev/sde1'已經頂替了它的位置(這就是hotspare的作用):
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB)
Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Aug 23 15:42:24 2006
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 1
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Number Major Minor
RaidDevice State
0 8
65
0 active sync /dev/sde1
1 8
33
1 active sync /dev/sdc1
2 8
49
2 active sync /dev/sdd1
3 8
17
-1
faulty
/dev/sdb1
UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
Events : 0.4
既然'/dev/sdb1'出現了故障,當然就要将它移除:
# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdb1
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1
現在可以關機了。關機之後拔下這塊已損壞的磁盤了,換上你的新磁盤。換好之
後,分區,mkfs.XXXX。然後将它加入到軟raid中:
# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb1
mdadm: hot added /dev/sdb1
這時候再使用mdadm的'-D'參數,可以看到sdb1已經作為hotspare盤了:
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB)
Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Aug 23 16:19:36 2006
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Number Major Minor
RaidDevice State
0 8
65
0 active sync /dev/sde1
1 8
33
1 active sync /dev/sdc1
2 8
49
2 active sync /dev/sdd1
3 8
17
-1
spare
/dev/sdb1
UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
Events : 0.6
misc
假如建立了RAID,但是沒有生成 /etc/mdadm.conf 檔案,那麼系統重新開機後是
不會啟用RAID的,這時候需要這樣做:
# mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
/dev/sde1