本章提供了PostgreSQL的SQL指令，這些指令的準确文法規則。這組指令是從psql的指令行工具。上一節我們已經安裝Postgres，直接打開psql：
Program Files > PostgreSQL 9.2 > SQL Shell(psql).
使用psql的時候，可以生成完整的指令清單使用的\ help指令。對于一個特定的指令的文法使用下面的指令：
postgres-# \help <command_name> SQL語句
一個SQL語句，包括令牌，每個令牌可以代表一個關鍵字，辨別符，帶引号的辨別符，常量，或特殊的字元符号。以下表格使用簡單的SELECT語句來說明一個基本的，完整的SQL語句及其元件。
| SELECT | id, name | FROM | states | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token Type | Keyword | Identifiers | Keyword | Identifier |
| Description | Command | Id and name columns | Clause | Table name |
PostgreSQL的SQL指令
ABORT
中止目前事務。
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] ALTER AGGREGATE
更改聚合函數的定義。
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) OWNER TO new_owner ALTER CONVERSION
更改一個轉換的定義。
ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER DATABASE
更改資料庫的具體參數。
ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER DOMAIN
變更的定義域的具體參數。
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER FUNCTION
改變它的定義了一個函數。
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner ALTER GROUP
更改使用者組
ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name ALTER INDEX
更改索引的定義
ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name ALTER LANGUAGE
更改程式語言的定義.
ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER OPERATOR
更改操作員的定義.
ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE } , { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
改變一個操作符的定義.
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner ALTER SCHEMA
更改一個模式的定義.
ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER SEQUENCE
更改序列發生器的定義.
ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ] ALTER TABLE
更改的表的定義.
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name 動作是以下行之一:
ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name ALTER TABLESPACE
更改一個表空間的定義.
ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER TRIGGER
改變一個觸發器的定義.
ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name ALTER TYPE
Change the definition of a type.
ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER USER
更改資料庫使用者帳戶
ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter 選項可以是:
[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime' ANALYZE
收集資料庫的統計資訊.
ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ] BEGIN
Start a transaction block.
BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ] transaction_mode是其中一個:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY CHECKPOINT
強制事務處理日志檢查點.
CHECKPOINT CLOSE
關閉遊标.
CLOSE name CLUSTER
根據索引叢集表.
CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER COMMENT
定義或改變一個對象的注釋.
COMMENT ON
{
TABLE object_name |
COLUMN table_name.column_name |
AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
CONVERSION object_name |
DATABASE object_name |
DOMAIN object_name |
FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
INDEX object_name |
LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
[ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
RULE rule_name ON table_name |
SCHEMA object_name |
SEQUENCE object_name |
TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
TYPE object_name |
VIEW object_name
} IS 'text' COMMIT
送出目前事務.
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] COPY
Copy data between a file and a table.
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ] CREATE AGGREGATE
Define a new aggregate function.
CREATE AGGREGATE name (
BASETYPE = input_data_type,
SFUNC = sfunc,
STYPE = state_data_type
[ , FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
[ , INITCOND = initial_condition ]
) CREATE CAST
Define a new cast.
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
定義一個新的限制觸發器
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args ) CREATE CONVERSION
定義一個新的轉換
CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name CREATE DATABASE
建立一個新的資料庫.
CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
[ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
[ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
[ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ] CREATE DOMAIN
定義一個新的域.
CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ] Where constraint is:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) } CREATE FUNCTION
定義一個新的函數.
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
| AS 'definition'
| AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ] CREATE GROUP
定義一個新的使用者組.
CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...] CREATE INDEX
定義一個新的索引.
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ] CREATE LANGUAGE
定義一個新的程式語言.
CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ] CREATE OPERATOR
定義一個新的操作.
CREATE OPERATOR name (
PROCEDURE = func_name
[, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
[, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
[, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
[, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
) CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
定義一個新的操作符類.
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
| FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
| STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ] CREATE RULE
定義一個新的重寫規則.
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) } CREATE SCHEMA
定義一個新的模式.
CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ] CREATE SEQUENCE
定義一個新的序列發生器.
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ] CREATE TABLE
定義一個新表.
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name (
{ column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint
| LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ] Where column_constraint is:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL |
NULL |
UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK (expression) |
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ] And table_constraint is:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ] CREATE TABLE AS
定義一個新表的查詢結果。
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query CREATE TABLESPACE
定義一個新的表空間。
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory' CREATE TRIGGER
定義一個新的觸發器。
CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments ) CREATE TYPE
定義一個新的資料類型。
CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[ , RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[ , SEND = send_function ]
[ , ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[ , INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[ , PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[ , ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[ , STORAGE = storage ]
[ , DEFAULT = default ]
[ , ELEMENT = element ]
[ , DELIMITER = delimiter ]
) CREATE USER
定義一個新的資料庫使用者帳戶。
CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] 選項可以是：
SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time' CREATE VIEW
定義一個新的視圖。
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query DEALLOCATE
釋放一份事先準備好的聲明。
DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name DECLARE
定義一個遊标。
DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ] DELETE
删除一個表中的行。
DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ] DROP AGGREGATE
Remove an aggregate function.
DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP CAST
移除一個轉換。
DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP CONVERSION
取下轉換。
DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP DATABASE
删除一個資料庫。
DROP DATABASE name DROP DOMAIN
删除域。
DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP FUNCTION
删除功能(函數)。
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP GROUP
删除使用者組。
DROP GROUP name DROP INDEX
Remove an index.
DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP LANGUAGE
Remove a procedural language.
DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP OPERATOR
Remove an operator.
DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE } , { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP OPERATOR CLASS
Remove an operator class.
DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP RULE
Remove a rewrite rule.
DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP SCHEMA
Remove a schema.
DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP SEQUENCE
Remove a sequence.
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP TABLE
Remove a table.
DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP TABLESPACE
Remove a tablespace.
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name DROP TRIGGER
Remove a trigger.
DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP TYPE
Remove a data type.
DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] DROP USER
Remove a database user account.
DROP USER name DROP VIEW
Remove a view.
DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] END
Commit the current transaction.
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] EXECUTE
Execute a prepared statement.
EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ] EXPLAIN
Show the execution plan of a statement.
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement FETCH
Retrieve rows from a query using a cursor.
FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name Where direction can be empty or one of:
NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL GRANT
Define access privileges.
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] INSERT
Create new rows in a table.
INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query } LISTEN
Listen for a notification.
LISTEN name LOAD
Load or reload a shared library file.
LOAD 'filename' LOCK
Lock a table.
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ] Where lock_mode is one of:
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE MOVE
Position a cursor.
MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name NOTIFY
Generate a notification.
NOTIFY name PREPARE
Prepare a statement for execution.
PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement REINDEX
Rebuild indexes.
REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ] RELEASE SAVEPOINT
Destroy a previously defined savepoint.
RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name RESET
Restore the value of a runtime parameter to the default value.
RESET name
RESET ALL REVOKE
Remove access privileges.
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] ROLLBACK
Abort the current transaction.
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
Roll back to a savepoint.
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name SAVEPOINT
Define a new savepoint within the current transaction.
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name SELECT
Retrieve rows from a table or view.
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ] Where from_item can be one of:
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ] SELECT INTO
Define a new table from the results of a query.
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ] SET
Change a runtime parameter.
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT } SET CONSTRAINTS
Set constraint checking modes for the current transaction.
SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
Set the session user identifier and the current user identifier of the current session.
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION SET TRANSACTION
Set the characteristics of the current transaction.
SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...] Where transaction_mode is one of:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY SHOW
顯示運作參數的值.
SHOW name
SHOW ALL START TRANSACTION
開始一個事務塊.
START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ] transaction_mode是其中一個:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY TRUNCATE
清空一個表.
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name UNLISTEN
停止監聽通知.
UNLISTEN { name | * } UPDATE
更新表行.
UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ] VACUUM
垃圾收集和分析資料庫（可選）.
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]