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八、透視變換

會用到的函數:

1、Mat getStructuringElement(int shape, Size esize, Point anchor = Point(-1, -1));

這個函數的第一個參數表示核心的形狀,有三種形狀可以選擇。

矩形:MORPH_RECT;

交叉形:MORPH_CROSS;

橢圓形:MORPH_ELLIPSE;

第二和第三個參數分别是核心的尺寸以及錨點的位置。一般在調用erode以及dilate函數之前,先定義一個Mat類型的變量來獲得getStructuringElement函數的傳回值。對于錨點的位置,有預設值Point(-1,-1),表示錨點位于中心點。element形狀唯一依賴錨點位置,其他情況下,錨點隻是影響了形态學運算結果的偏移。

核心:

錨點:

2、morphologyEx(形态學操作)

void morphologyEx( InputArray src, OutputArray dst,int op, InputArray kernel,Point anchor = Point(-1,-1), int iterations = 1,int borderType = BORDER_CONSTANT,const Scalar& borderValue = morphologyDefaultBorderValue() )

參數解釋

src:源圖像Mat對象

dst:目标圖像Mat對象

op:操作的類型,通過源碼我們得知總共有以下幾種類型:

enum MorphTypes{

MORPH_ERODE = 0, //腐蝕

MORPH_DILATE = 1, //膨脹

MORPH_OPEN = 2, //開操作(

其實内部就是進行了先腐蝕後膨脹的操作)

MORPH_CLOSE = 3, //閉操作

MORPH_GRADIENT = 4, //梯度操作

MORPH_TOPHAT = 5, //頂帽操作

MORPH_BLACKHAT = 6, //黑帽操作

MORPH_HITMISS = 7.

}

kernel:用于膨脹操作的結構元素,如果取值為Mat(),那麼預設使用一個3 x 3 的方形結構元素,可以使用getStructuringElement()來建立結構元素

anchor:參考點,其預設值為(-1,-1)說明位于kernel的中心位置。

borderType :邊緣類型,預設為BORDER_CONSTANT。

borderValue :邊緣值,用它的預設值即可。

3、boundingRect(InputArray points)

points:輸入資訊,可以為包含點的容器(vector)或是Mat。

傳回包覆輸入資訊的最小正矩形。

4、HoughLinesP(InputArray image, OutputArray lines, double rho, double theta, int threshold, double minLineLength=0, double maxLineGap=0 )

函數作用:将輸入圖像按照給出參數要求提取線段,放在lines中。

第一個參數,InputArray類型的image,輸入圖像。

第二個參數,InputArray類型的lines,經過調用HoughLinesP函數後後存儲了檢測到的線條的輸出矢量,每一條線由具有四個元素的矢量(x_1,y_1, x_2, y_2)  表示,其中,(x_1, y_1)和(x_2, y_2) 是是每個檢測到的線段的結束點。

第三個參數,rho,簡單的說就是半徑的分辨率。

第四個參數,theta,以弧度為機關的角度精度。另一種形容方式是直線搜尋時的進步尺寸的機關角度。

第五個參數,threshold,累加平面的門檻值參數,即識别某部分為圖中的一條直線時它在累加平面中必須達到的值。大于門檻值threshold的線段才可以被檢測通過并傳回到結果中。

第六個參數,minLineLength,有預設值0,表示最低線段的長度,比這個設定參數短的線段就不能被顯現出來。

第七個參數,maxLineGap,有預設值0,允許将同一行點與點之間連接配接起來的最大的距離

解決問題的思路:就是找四個點的坐标完成透視變換。

兩個主要的函數:

getPerspectiveTransform( InputArray src, InputArray dst );//擷取透視變換矩陣

warpPerspective( InputArray src, OutputArray dst, InputArray M, Size dsize,

 int flags = INTER_LINEAR, int borderMode = BORDER_CONSTANT,

  const Scalar& borderValue = Scalar());//透視變換

操作大緻流程:

(1)灰階處理、二值化、形态學操作形成連通區域

(2)輪廓發現、将目标的輪廓繪制出來

(3)在繪制的輪廓中進行直線檢測

(4)找出四條邊,求出四個角點

(5)使用透視變換函數,得到結果

#include<iostream>
#include<opencv2\opencv.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	Mat src = imread("D://RM//OpenCv的學習//透視變換//11.png");
	imshow("input image", src);
	//bgr 2 gray 轉為灰階圖像
	Mat src_gray;
	cvtColor(src, src_gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
	//binary 二值化
	Mat binary;
	threshold(src_gray, binary, 0, 255, THRESH_BINARY_INV | THRESH_OTSU); //THRESH_BINARY_INV二值化後取反
	//imshow("binary", binary);//因為有一些斑點存在
	//形态學 閉操作:可以填充小的區域
	Mat morhp_img;
	Mat kernel = getStructuringElement(MORPH_RECT, Size(5, 5), Point(-1, -1));
	morphologyEx(binary, morhp_img, MORPH_CLOSE, kernel, Point(-1, -1), 3);
	//imshow("morphology", morhp_img);

	Mat dst;
	bitwise_not(morhp_img, dst);//在取反
	imshow("dst", dst);//

	//輪廓發現
	vector<vector<Point>> contous;
	vector<Vec4i> hireachy;
	findContours(dst, contous, hireachy, RETR_TREE, CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE, Point());
	cout << "contous.size:" << contous.size() << endl;

	//輪廓繪制
	int width = src.cols;
	int height = src.rows;
	Mat drawImage = Mat::zeros(src.size(), CV_8UC3);
	cout << contous.size() << endl;
	for (size_t t = 0; t < contous.size(); t++)
	{
		Rect rect = boundingRect(contous[t]);
		if (rect.width > width / 2 && rect.height > height / 2 && rect.width < width - 5 && rect.height < height - 5)
		{
			drawContours(drawImage, contous, static_cast<int>(t), Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2, 8, hireachy, 0, Point(0, 0));
		}
	}
	imshow("contours", drawImage);//顯示找到的輪廓
	//直線檢測
	vector<Vec4i> lines;
	Mat contoursImg;
	int accu = min(width * 0.5, height * 0.5);
	cvtColor(drawImage, contoursImg, COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
	imshow("contours", contoursImg);

	Mat linesImage = Mat::zeros(src.size(), CV_8UC3);
	HoughLinesP(contoursImg, lines, 1, CV_PI / 180.0, accu, accu, 0);
	for (size_t t = 0; t < lines.size(); t++)
	{
		Vec4i ln = lines[t];
		line(linesImage, Point(ln[0], ln[1]), Point(ln[2], ln[3]), Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2, 8, 0);//繪制直線
	}
	cout << "number of lines:" << lines.size() << endl;
	imshow("linesImages", linesImage);

	//尋找與定位上下 左右 四條直線
	int deltah = 0; //高度差
	int deltaw = 0; //寬度差
	Vec4i topLine, bottomLine; //直線定義
	Vec4i rightLine, leftLine;

	for (int i = 0; i < lines.size(); i++)
	{
		Vec4i ln = lines[i];
		deltah = abs(ln[3] - ln[1]); //計算高度差(y2-y1)
		//topLine
		if (ln[3] < height / 2.0 && ln[1] < height / 2.0 && deltah < accu - 1)
		{
			topLine = lines[i];
		}
		//bottomLine
		if (ln[3] > height / 2.0 && ln[1] > height / 2.0 && deltah < accu - 1)
		{
			bottomLine = lines[i];
		}
		deltaw = abs(ln[2] - ln[0]); //計算寬度差(x2-x1)	
		//leftLine
		if (ln[0] < height / 2.0 && ln[2] < height / 2.0 && deltaw < accu - 1)
		{
			leftLine = lines[i];
		}
		//rightLine
		if (ln[0] > width / 2.0 && ln[2] > width / 2.0 && deltaw < accu - 1)
		{
			rightLine = lines[i];
		}
	}
	// 列印四條線的坐标
	cout << "topLine : p1(x,y)= " << topLine[0] << "," << topLine[1] << "; p2(x,y)= " << topLine[2] << "," << topLine[3] << endl;
	cout << "bottomLine : p1(x,y)= " << bottomLine[0] << "," << bottomLine[1] << "; p2(x,y)= " << bottomLine[2] << "," << bottomLine[3] << endl;
	cout << "leftLine : p1(x,y)= " << leftLine[0] << "," << leftLine[1] << "; p2(x,y)= " << leftLine[2] << "," << leftLine[3] << endl;
	cout << "rightLine : p1(x,y)= " << rightLine[0] << "," << rightLine[1] << "; p2(x,y)= " << rightLine[2] << "," << rightLine[3] << endl;
	//拟合四條直線
	float k1, k2, k3, k4, c1, c2, c3, c4;
	k1 = float(topLine[3] - topLine[1]) / float(topLine[2] - topLine[0]);
	c1 = topLine[1] - k1 * topLine[0];

	k2 = float(bottomLine[3] - bottomLine[1]) / float(bottomLine[2] - bottomLine[0]);
	c2 = bottomLine[1] - k2 * bottomLine[0];

	k3 = float(leftLine[3] - leftLine[1]) / float(leftLine[2] - leftLine[0]);
	c3 = leftLine[1] - k3 * leftLine[0];

	k4 = float(rightLine[3] - rightLine[1]) / float(rightLine[2] - rightLine[0]);
	c4 = rightLine[1] - k4 * rightLine[0];

	//求四個角點,
	Point p1;//topLine  leftLine 左上角
	p1.x = static_cast<int>(c1 - c3) / k3 - k1;
	p1.y = k1 * p1.x + c1;

	Point p2;//topLine  rightLine 右上角
	p2.x = static_cast<int>(c1 - c4) / k4 - k1;
	p2.y = k1 * p2.x + c1;

	Point p3;//bottomLine  leftLine 左下角
	p3.x = static_cast<int>(c2 - c3) / k3 - k2;
	p3.y = k2 * p3.x + c2;

	Point p4;//bottomLine  rightLine 右下角
	p4.x = static_cast<int>(c2 - c4) / k4 - k2;
	p4.y = k2 * p4.x + c2;

	cout << "Point p1: (" << p1.x << "," << p1.y << ")" << endl;
	cout << "Point p2: (" << p2.x << "," << p2.y << ")" << endl;
	cout << "Point p3: (" << p3.x << "," << p3.y << ")" << endl;
	cout << "Point p4: (" << p4.x << "," << p4.y << ")" << endl;

	//顯示四個點
	circle(linesImage, p1, 2, Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
	circle(linesImage, p2, 2, Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
	circle(linesImage, p3, 2, Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
	circle(linesImage, p4, 2, Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
	imshow("find four points", linesImage);

	//透視變換
	vector<Point2f> src_corners(4);
	src_corners[0] = p1;
	src_corners[1] = p2;
	src_corners[2] = p3;
	src_corners[3] = p4;

	Mat result_images = Mat::zeros(height * 0.7, width * 0.9, CV_8UC3);
	vector<Point2f> dst_corners(4);
	dst_corners[0] = Point(0, 0);
	dst_corners[1] = Point(result_images.cols, 0);
	dst_corners[2] = Point(0, result_images.rows);
	dst_corners[3] = Point(result_images.cols, result_images.rows);

	Mat warpmatrix = getPerspectiveTransform(src_corners, dst_corners); //擷取透視變換矩陣
	warpPerspective(src, result_images, warpmatrix, result_images.size()); //透視變換
	imshow("final result", result_images);
	imwrite("D:/images/warpPerspective.png", result_images);
	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}
           
八、透視變換

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