apt-get 幫助手冊
apt-get幫助手冊如下。
root@hanyw:~# man apt-get |grep -Ev '^#39;
APT-GET(8) APT APT-GET(8)
NAME
apt-get - APT package handling utility -- command-line interface
SYNOPSIS
apt-get [-asqdyfmubV] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file] [-t=target_release]
[-a=architecture] {update | upgrade | dselect-upgrade | dist-upgrade |
install pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
remove pkg... | purge pkg... |
source pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
build-dep pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
download pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... | check |
clean | autoclean | autoremove | {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}
DESCRIPTION
apt-get is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be considered
the user's "back-end" to other tools using the APT library. Several "front-end"
interfaces exist, such as aptitude(8), synaptic(8) and wajig(1).
Unless the -h, or --help option is given, one of the commands below must be
present.
update
update is used to resynchronize the package index files from their sources.
The indexes of available packages are fetched from the location(s) specified
in /etc/apt/sources.list. For example, when using a Debian archive, this
command retrieves and scans the Packages.gz files, so that information about
new and updated packages is available. An update should always be performed
before an upgrade or dist-upgrade. Please be aware that the overall progress
meter will be incorrect as the size of the package files cannot be known in
advance.
upgrade
upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently
installed on the system from the sources enumerated in
/etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions
available are retrieved and upgraded; under no circumstances are currently
installed packages removed, or packages not already installed retrieved and
installed. New versions of currently installed packages that cannot be
upgraded without changing the install status of another package will be left
at their current version. An update must be performed first so that apt-get
knows that new versions of packages are available.
dist-upgrade
dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade, also
intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages;
apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it will attempt to
upgrade the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if
necessary. The dist-upgrade command may therefore remove some packages. The
/etc/apt/sources.list file contains a list of locations from which to
retrieve desired package files. See also apt_preferences(5) for a mechanism
for overriding the general settings for individual packages.
dselect-upgrade
dselect-upgrade is used in conjunction with the traditional Debian packaging
front-end, dselect(1). dselect-upgrade follows the changes made by
dselect(1) to the Status field of available packages, and performs the
actions necessary to realize that state (for instance, the removal of old
and the installation of new packages).
install
install is followed by one or more packages desired for installation or
upgrading. Each package is a package name, not a fully qualified filename
(for instance, in a Debian system, apt-utils would be the argument provided,
not apt-utils_2.4.8_amd64.deb). All packages required by the package(s)
specified for installation will also be retrieved and installed. The
/etc/apt/sources.list file is used to locate the desired packages. If a
hyphen is appended to the package name (with no intervening space), the
identified package will be removed if it is installed. Similarly a plus sign
can be used to designate a package to install. These latter features may be
used to override decisions made by apt-get's conflict resolution system.
A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by
following the package name with an equals and the version of the package to
select. This will cause that version to be located and selected for install.
Alternatively a specific distribution can be selected by following the
package name with a slash and the version of the distribution or the Archive
name (stable, testing, unstable).
Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and must be
used with care.
This is also the target to use if you want to upgrade one or more
already-installed packages without upgrading every package you have on your
system. Unlike the "upgrade" target, which installs the newest version of
all currently installed packages, "install" will install the newest version
of only the package(s) specified. Simply provide the name of the package(s)
you wish to upgrade, and if a newer version is available, it (and its
dependencies, as described above) will be downloaded and installed.
Finally, the apt_preferences(5) mechanism allows you to create an
alternative installation policy for individual packages.
If no package matches the given expression and the expression contains one
of '.', '?' or '*' then it is assumed to be a POSIX regular expression, and
it is applied to all package names in the database. Any matches are then
installed (or removed). Note that matching is done by substring so 'lo.*'
matches 'how-lo' and 'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular
expression with a '^' or '#39; character, or create a more specific regular
expression.
Fallback to regular expressions is deprecated in APT 2.0, has been removed
in apt(8), except for anchored expressions, and will be removed from apt-
get(8) in a future version. Use apt-patterns(5) instead.
reinstall
reinstall is an alias for install --reinstall.
remove
remove is identical to install except that packages are removed instead of
installed. Note that removing a package leaves its configuration files on
the system. If a plus sign is appended to the package name (with no
intervening space), the identified package will be installed instead of
removed.
purge
purge is identical to remove except that packages are removed and purged
(any configuration files are deleted too).
source
source causes apt-get to fetch source packages. APT will examine the
available packages to decide which source package to fetch. It will then
find and download into the current directory the newest available version of
that source package while respecting the default release, set with the
option APT::Default-Release, the -t option or per package with the
pkg/release syntax, if possible.
The arguments are interpreted as binary and source package names. See the
--only-source option if you want to change that.
Source packages are tracked separately from binary packages via deb-src
lines in the sources.list(5) file. This means that you will need to add such
a line for each repository you want to get sources from; otherwise you will
probably get either the wrong (too old/too new) source versions or none at
all.
If the --compile option is specified then the package will be compiled to a
binary .deb using dpkg-buildpackage for the architecture as defined by the
--host-architecture option. If --download-only is specified then the source
package will not be unpacked.
A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source name
with an equals and then the version to fetch, similar to the mechanism used
for the package files. This enables exact matching of the source package
name and version, implicitly enabling the APT::Get::Only-Source option.
Note that source packages are not installed and tracked in the dpkg database
like binary packages; they are simply downloaded to the current directory,
like source tarballs.
build-dep
build-dep causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an attempt to satisfy
the build dependencies for a source package. By default the dependencies are
satisfied to build the package natively. If desired a host-architecture can
be specified with the --host-architecture option instead.
The arguments are interpreted as binary or source package names. See the
--only-source option if you want to change that.
satisfy
satisfy causes apt-get to satisfy the given dependency strings. The
dependency strings may have build profiles and architecture restriction list
as in build dependencies. They may optionally be prefixed with "Conflicts: "
to unsatisfy the dependency string. Multiple strings of the same type can be
specified.
Example: apt-get satisfy "foo" "Conflicts: bar" "baz (>> 1.0) | bar (= 2.0),
moo"
The legacy operator '</>' is not supported, use '<=/>=' instead.
check
check is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks for
broken dependencies.
download
download will download the given binary package into the current directory.
clean
clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. It removes
everything but the lock file from /var/cache/apt/archives/ and
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/.
autoclean (and the auto-clean alias since 1.1)
Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved package
files. The difference is that it only removes package files that can no
longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This allows a cache to be
maintained over a long period without it growing out of control. The
configuration option APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages
from being erased if it is set to off.
autoremove (and the auto-remove alias since 1.1)
autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically installed to
satisfy dependencies for other packages and are now no longer needed.
changelog
changelog tries to download the changelog of a package and displays it
through sensible-pager. By default it displays the changelog for the version
that is installed. However, you can specify the same options as for the
install command.
indextargets
Displays by default a deb822 formatted listing of information about all data
files (aka index targets) apt-get update would download. Supports a --format
option to modify the output format as well as accepts lines of the default
output to filter the records by. The command is mainly used as an interface
for external tools working with APT to get information as well as filenames
for downloaded files so they can use them as well instead of downloading
them again on their own. Detailed documentation is omitted here and can
instead be found in the file
/usr/share/doc/apt/acquire-additional-files.md.gz shipped by the apt-doc
package.
OPTIONS
All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the
descriptions indicate the configuration option to set. For boolean options you
can override the config file by using something like -f-,--no-f, -f=no or
several other variations.
--no-install-recommends
Do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for installing.
Configuration Item: APT::Install-Recommends.
--install-suggests
Consider suggested packages as a dependency for installing. Configuration
Item: APT::Install-Suggests.
-d, --download-only
Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or installed.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download-Only.
-f, --fix-broken
Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place. This
option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages to permit APT
to deduce a likely solution. If packages are specified, these have to
completely correct the problem. The option is sometimes necessary when
running APT for the first time; APT itself does not allow broken package
dependencies to exist on a system. It is possible that a system's dependency
structure can be so corrupt as to require manual intervention (which usually
means using dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the offending packages). Use
of this option together with -m may produce an error in some situations.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Fix-Broken.
-m, --ignore-missing, --fix-missing
Ignore missing packages; if packages cannot be retrieved or fail the
integrity check after retrieval (corrupted package files), hold back those
packages and handle the result. Use of this option together with -f may
produce an error in some situations. If a package is selected for
installation (particularly if it is mentioned on the command line) and it
could not be downloaded then it will be silently held back. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Fix-Missing.
--no-download
Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with --ignore-missing to
force APT to use only the .debs it has already downloaded. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Download.
-q, --quiet
Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress indicators.
More q's will produce more quiet up to a maximum of 2. You can also use -q=#
to set the quiet level, overriding the configuration file. Note that quiet
level 2 implies -y; you should never use -qq without a no-action modifier
such as -d, --print-uris or -s as APT may decide to do something you did not
expect. Configuration Item: quiet.
-s, --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act
No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur based on the
current system state but do not actually change the system. Locking will be
disabled (Debug::NoLocking) so the system state could change while apt-get
is running. Simulations can also be executed by non-root users which might
not have read access to all apt configuration distorting the simulation. A
notice expressing this warning is also shown by default for non-root users
(APT::Get::Show-User-Simulation-Note). Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Simulate.
Simulated runs print out a series of lines, each representing a dpkg
operation: configure (Conf), remove (Remv) or unpack (Inst). Square brackets
indicate broken packages, and empty square brackets indicate breaks that are
of no consequence (rare).
-y, --yes, --assume-yes
Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and run
non-interactively. If an undesirable situation, such as changing a held
package, trying to install an unauthenticated package or removing an
essential package occurs then apt-get will abort. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Assume-Yes.
--assume-no
Automatic "no" to all prompts. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Assume-No.
--no-show-upgraded
Do not show a list of all packages that are to be upgraded. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Show-Upgraded.
-V, --verbose-versions
Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Show-Versions.
-a, --host-architecture
This option controls the architecture packages are built for by apt-get
source --compile and how cross-builddependencies are satisfied. By default
is it not set which means that the host architecture is the same as the
build architecture (which is defined by APT::Architecture). Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Host-Architecture.
-P, --build-profiles
This option controls the activated build profiles for which a source package
is built by apt-get source --compile and how build dependencies are
satisfied. By default no build profile is active. More than one build
profile can be activated at a time by concatenating them with a comma.
Configuration Item: APT::Build-Profiles.
-b, --compile, --build
Compile source packages after downloading them. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Compile.
--ignore-hold
Ignore package holds; this causes apt-get to ignore a hold placed on a
package. This may be useful in conjunction with dist-upgrade to override a
large number of undesired holds. Configuration Item: APT::Ignore-Hold.
--with-new-pkgs
Allow installing new packages when used in conjunction with upgrade. This is
useful if the update of an installed package requires new dependencies to be
installed. Instead of holding the package back upgrade will upgrade the
package and install the new dependencies. Note that upgrade with this option
will never remove packages, only allow adding new ones. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Upgrade-Allow-New.
--no-upgrade
Do not upgrade packages; when used in conjunction with install, no-upgrade
will prevent packages on the command line from being upgraded if they are
already installed. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Upgrade.
--only-upgrade
Do not install new packages; when used in conjunction with install,
only-upgrade will install upgrades for already installed packages only and
ignore requests to install new packages. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Only-Upgrade.
--allow-downgrades
This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting
if it is doing downgrades. It should not be used except in very special
situations. Using it can potentially destroy your system! Configuration
Item: APT::Get::allow-downgrades. Introduced in APT 1.1.
--allow-remove-essential
Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue
without prompting if it is removing essentials. It should not be used except
in very special situations. Using it can potentially destroy your system!
Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-remove-essential. Introduced in APT 1.1.
--allow-change-held-packages
Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue
without prompting if it is changing held packages. It should not be used
except in very special situations. Using it can potentially destroy your
system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-change-held-packages. Introduced
in APT 1.1.
--force-yes
Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue
without prompting if it is doing something potentially harmful. It should
not be used except in very special situations. Using force-yes can
potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::force-yes.
This is deprecated and replaced by --allow-unauthenticated ,
--allow-downgrades , --allow-remove-essential , --allow-change-held-packages
in 1.1.
--print-uris
Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed. Each URI
will have the path, the destination file name, the size and the expected MD5
hash. Note that the file name to write to will not always match the file
name on the remote site! This also works with the source and update
commands. When used with the update command the MD5 and size are not
included, and it is up to the user to decompress any compressed files.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Print-URIs.
--purge
Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed. An asterisk
("*") will be displayed next to packages which are scheduled to be purged.
remove --purge is equivalent to the purge command. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Purge.
--reinstall
Re-install packages that are already installed and at the newest version.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::ReInstall.
--list-cleanup
This option is on by default; use --no-list-cleanup to turn it off. When it
is on, apt-get will automatically manage the contents of /var/lib/apt/lists
to ensure that obsolete files are erased. The only reason to turn it off is
if you frequently change your sources list. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::List-Cleanup.
-t, --target-release, --default-release
This option controls the default input to the policy engine; it creates a
default pin at priority 990 using the specified release string. This
overrides the general settings in /etc/apt/preferences. Specifically pinned
packages are not affected by the value of this option. In short, this option
lets you have simple control over which distribution packages will be
retrieved from. Some common examples might be -t '2.1*', -t unstable or -t
sid. Configuration Item: APT::Default-Release; see also the
apt_preferences(5) manual page.
--trivial-only
Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be considered
related to --assume-yes; where --assume-yes will answer yes to any prompt,
--trivial-only will answer no. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Trivial-Only.
--mark-auto
After successful installation, mark all freshly installed packages as
automatically installed, which will cause each of the packages to be removed
when no more manually installed packages depend on this package. This is
equally to running apt-mark auto for all installed packages. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Mark-Auto.
--no-remove
If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts without
prompting. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Remove.
--auto-remove, --autoremove
If the command is either install or remove, then this option acts like
running the autoremove command, removing unused dependency packages.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::AutomaticRemove.
--only-source
Only has meaning for the source and build-dep commands. Indicates that the
given source names are not to be mapped through the binary table. This means
that if this option is specified, these commands will only accept source
package names as arguments, rather than accepting binary package names and
looking up the corresponding source package. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Only-Source.
--diff-only, --dsc-only, --tar-only
Download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Diff-Only, APT::Get::Dsc-Only, and APT::Get::Tar-Only.
--arch-only
Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Arch-Only.
--indep-only
Only process architecture-independent build-dependencies. Configuration
Item: APT::Get::Indep-Only.
--allow-unauthenticated
Ignore if packages can't be authenticated and don't prompt about it. This
can be useful while working with local repositories, but is a huge security
risk if data authenticity isn't ensured in another way by the user itself.
The usage of the Trusted option for sources.list(5) entries should usually
be preferred over this global override. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated.
--no-allow-insecure-repositories
Forbid the update command to acquire unverifiable data from configured
sources. APT will fail at the update command for repositories without valid
cryptographically signatures. See also apt-secure(8) for details on the
concept and the implications. Configuration Item:
Acquire::AllowInsecureRepositories.
--allow-releaseinfo-change
Allow the update command to continue downloading data from a repository
which changed its information of the release contained in the repository
indicating e.g a new major release. APT will fail at the update command for
such repositories until the change is confirmed to ensure the user is
prepared for the change. See also apt-secure(8) for details on the concept
and configuration.
Specialist options (--allow-releaseinfo-change-field) exist to allow changes
only for certain fields like origin, label, codename, suite, version and
defaultpin. See also apt_preferences(5). Configuration Item:
Acquire::AllowReleaseInfoChange.
--show-progress
Show user friendly progress information in the terminal window when packages
are installed, upgraded or removed. For a machine parsable version of this
data see README.progress-reporting in the apt doc directory. Configuration
Items: Dpkg::Progress and Dpkg::Progress-Fancy.
--with-source filename
Adds the given file as a source for metadata. Can be repeated to add
multiple files. See --with-source description in apt-cache(8) for further
details.
-eany, --error-on=any
Fail the update command if any error occured, even a transient one.
-h, --help
Show a short usage summary.
-v, --version
Show the program version.
-c, --config-file
Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The program will
read the default configuration file and then this configuration file. If
configuration settings need to be set before the default configuration files
are parsed specify a file with the APT_CONFIG environment variable. See
apt.conf(5) for syntax information.
-o, --option
Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary configuration option.
The syntax is -o Foo::Bar=bar. -o and --option can be used multiple times
to set different options.
FILES
/etc/apt/sources.list
Locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceList.
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/
File fragments for locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::SourceParts.
/etc/apt/apt.conf
APT configuration file. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Main.
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/
APT configuration file fragments. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Parts.
/etc/apt/preferences
Version preferences file. This is where you would specify "pinning", i.e. a
preference to get certain packages from a separate source or from a
different version of a distribution. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::Preferences.
/etc/apt/preferences.d/
File fragments for the version preferences. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::PreferencesParts.
/var/cache/apt/archives/
Storage area for retrieved package files. Configuration Item:
Dir::Cache::Archives.
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/
Storage area for package files in transit. Configuration Item:
Dir::Cache::Archives (partial will be implicitly appended)
/var/lib/apt/lists/
Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in
sources.list(5) Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.
/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/
Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item:
Dir::State::Lists (partial will be implicitly appended)
SEE ALSO
apt-cache(8), apt-cdrom(8), dpkg(1), sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt-
config(8), apt-secure(8), The APT User's guide in /usr/share/doc/apt-doc/,
apt_preferences(5), the APT Howto.
DIAGNOSTICS
apt-get returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.
BUGS
APT bug page[1]. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see
/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or the reportbug(1) command.
AUTHORS
Jason Gunthorpe
APT team
NOTES
1. APT bug page
http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt
APT 2.4.8 08 January 2021 APT-GET(8)
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