「白帽黑客成長記」Windows提權基本原理（上）

我們通常認為配置得當的Windows是安全的，事實真的是這樣嗎？今天讓我們跟随本文作者一起深入了解Windows作業系統的黑暗角落，看看是否能得到SYSTEM權限。

作者将使用不同版本的Windows來強調任何可能存在的指令行差異，請牢記因為不同的作業系統和版本差異會在指令行中顯現，作者試圖構造本教程，以便它适用于Windows提權的最普遍的方式。

注：文章篇幅較長，閱讀用時約10分鐘。

必要文檔補充：

Encyclopaedia Of Windows Privilege Escalation (Brett Moore)

Windows Attacks: AT is the new black (Chris Gates & Rob Fuller)

Elevating privileges by exploiting weak folder permissions (Parvez Anwar)

譯者注：原文作者提到了meterpreter，我們可以把meterpreter比做sql注入利用的sqlmap，在得到meterpreter的shell後，可以輸入指令getsystem，自動完成提權。

在t0-t3階段，最初的資訊收集方法

最開始是一個低權限的shell，這個shell可能是通過遠端代碼執行、釣魚、反彈得到的。

在最開始的階段，我們要快速收集一些基本資訊來評估我們的環境。

第一步，找到連接配接的作業系統。

C:\Windows\system32> systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version"
OS Name: Microsoft Windows 7 Professional
OS Version: 6.1.7601 Service Pack 1 Build 7601
           

接下來，我們将看到主機名和連接配接上的對應使用者。

C:\Windows\system32> hostname
b33f
C:\Windows\system32> echo %username%
user1
           

現在我們得到了一些基本資訊，然後列出其他使用者的帳戶，并在更詳細的情況下檢視使用者資訊。

這裡會看到user1不是本地組管理者。

C:\Windows\system32> net users
User accounts for \\B33F
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Administrator b33f Guest
user1
The command completed successfully.
C:\Windows\system32> net user user1
User name user1
Full Name
Comment
User's comment
Country code 000 (System Default)
Account active Yes
Account expires Never
Password last set 1/11/2014 7:47:14 PM
Password expires Never
Password changeable 1/11/2014 7:47:14 PM
Password required Yes
User may change password Yes
Workstations allowed All
Logon script
User profile
Home directory
Last logon 1/11/2014 8:05:09 PM
Logon hours allowed All
Local Group Memberships *Users
Global Group memberships *None
The command completed successfully.
           

以上是我們目前需要了解的關于使用者和權限的全部内容。接下來我們要讨論的是網絡資訊，連接配接的裝置，以及相應規則。

首先看一下可用的網絡接口和路由表。

C:\Windows\system32> ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
 Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : b33f
 Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . :
 Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
 IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
 WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
Ethernet adapter Bluetooth Network Connection:
 Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected
 Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
 Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Bluetooth Device (Personal Area Network)
 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 0C-84-DC-62-60-29
 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
 Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
 Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
 Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) PRO/1000 MT Network Connection
 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-0C-29-56-79-35
 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
 Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
 Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e%11(Preferred)
 IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.104(Preferred)
 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Saturday, January 11, 2014 3:53:55 PM
 Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Sunday, January 12, 2014 3:53:55 PM
 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
 DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
 DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 234884137
 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-18-14-24-1D-00-0C-29-56-79-35
 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled
C:\Windows\system32> route print
===========================================================================
Interface List
 18...0c 84 dc 62 60 29 ......Bluetooth Device (Personal Area Network)
 13...00 ff 0c 0d 4f ed ......TAP-Windows Adapter V9
 11...00 0c 29 56 79 35 ......Intel(R) PRO/1000 MT Network Connection
 1...........................Software Loopback Interface 1
 16...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter
 15...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #2
 19...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #3
 14...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface
===========================================================================
IPv4 Route Table
===========================================================================
Active Routes:
Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.104 10
 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306
 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306
 127.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306
 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 On-link 192.168.0.104 266
 192.168.0.104 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.104 266
 192.168.0.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.104 266
 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306
 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 192.168.0.104 266
 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306
 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.104 266
===========================================================================
Persistent Routes:
 None
IPv6 Route Table
===========================================================================
Active Routes:
 If Metric Network Destination Gateway
 14 58 ::/0 On-link
 1 306 ::1/128 On-link
 14 58 2001::/32 On-link
 14 306 2001:0:5ef5:79fb:8d2:b4e:3f57:ff97/128
 On-link
 11 266 fe80::/64 On-link
 14 306 fe80::/64 On-link
 14 306 fe80::8d2:b4e:3f57:ff97/128
 On-link
 11 266 fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e/128
 On-link
 1 306 ff00::/8 On-link
 14 306 ff00::/8 On-link
 11 266 ff00::/8 On-link
===========================================================================
Persistent Routes:
 None
           

arp -A顯示了所有可用接口的arp(位址解析協定)緩存表。

C:\Windows\system32> arp -A
Interface: 192.168.0.104 --- 0xb
 Internet Address Physical Address Type
 192.168.0.1 90-94-e4-c5-b0-46 dynamic
 192.168.0.101 ac-22-0b-af-bb-43 dynamic
 192.168.0.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static
 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-00-00-16 static
 224.0.0.251 01-00-5e-00-00-fb static
 224.0.0.252 01-00-5e-00-00-fc static
 239.255.255.250 01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa static
 255.255.255.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static
           

這就使我們了解了活動網絡連接配接和防火牆規則。

C:\Windows\system32> netstat -ano
Active Connections
 Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID
 TCP 0.0.0.0:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 684
 TCP 0.0.0.0:445 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4
 TCP 0.0.0.0:5357 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4
 TCP 127.0.0.1:5354 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1400
 TCP 192.168.0.104:139 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4
 TCP [::]:135 [::]:0 LISTENING 684
 TCP [::]:445 [::]:0 LISTENING 4
 TCP [::]:5357 [::]:0 LISTENING 4
 UDP 0.0.0.0:5355 *:* 1100
 UDP 0.0.0.0:52282 *:* 976
 UDP 0.0.0.0:55202 *:* 2956
 UDP 0.0.0.0:59797 *:* 1400
 UDP 127.0.0.1:1900 *:* 2956
 UDP 127.0.0.1:65435 *:* 2956
 UDP 192.168.0.104:137 *:* 4
 UDP 192.168.0.104:138 *:* 4
 UDP 192.168.0.104:1900 *:* 2956
 UDP 192.168.0.104:5353 *:* 1400
 UDP 192.168.0.104:65434 *:* 2956
 UDP [::]:5355 *:* 1100
 UDP [::]:52281 *:* 976
 UDP [::]:52283 *:* 976
 UDP [::]:55203 *:* 2956
 UDP [::]:59798 *:* 1400
 UDP [::1]:1900 *:* 2956
 UDP [::1]:5353 *:* 1400
 UDP [::1]:65433 *:* 2956
 UDP [fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e%11]:1900 *:* 2956
 UDP [fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e%11]:65432 *:* 2956
           

以下兩個netsh指令是在不同作業系統的指令示例。

netsh firewall指令隻能從XP SP2和以上版本運作。

C:\Windows\system32> netsh firewall show state
Firewall status:
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Profile = Standard
Operational mode = Enable
Exception mode = Enable
Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable
Notification mode = Enable
Group policy version = Windows Firewall
Remote admin mode = Disable
Ports currently open on all network interfaces:
Port Protocol Version Program
-------------------------------------------------------------------
No ports are currently open on all network interfaces.
C:\Windows\system32> netsh firewall show config
Domain profile configuration:
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Operational mode = Enable
Exception mode = Enable
Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable
Notification mode = Enable
Allowed programs configuration for Domain profile:
Mode Traffic direction Name / Program
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Port configuration for Domain profile:
Port Protocol Mode Traffic direction Name
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ICMP configuration for Domain profile:
Mode Type Description
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Enable 2 Allow outbound packet too big
Standard profile configuration (current):
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Operational mode = Enable
Exception mode = Enable
Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable
Notification mode = Enable
Service configuration for Standard profile:
Mode Customized Name
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Enable No Network Discovery
Allowed programs configuration for Standard profile:
Mode Traffic direction Name / Program
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Enable Inbound COMRaider / E:\comraider\comraider.exe
Enable Inbound nc.exe / C:\users\b33f\desktop\nc.exe
Port configuration for Standard profile:
Port Protocol Mode Traffic direction Name
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ICMP configuration for Standard profile:
Mode Type Description
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Enable 2 Allow outbound packet too big
Log configuration:
-------------------------------------------------------------------
File location = C:\Windows\system32\LogFiles\Firewall\pfirewall.log
Max file size = 4096 KB
Dropped packets = Disable
Connections = Disable
           

最後，我們将簡要地看一下在這個裝置上的運作内容，比如計劃任務、運作程序、啟動服務和安裝的驅動程式。

這将顯示所有排程任務的詳細輸出，下面您可以看到單個任務的示例輸出。

C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /query /fo LIST /v
Folder: \Microsoft\Windows Defender
HostName: B33F
TaskName: \Microsoft\Windows Defender\MP Scheduled Scan
Next Run Time: 1/22/2014 5:11:13 AM
Status: Ready
Logon Mode: Interactive/Background
Last Run Time: N/A
Last Result: 1
Author: N/A
Task To Run: c:\program files\windows defender\MpCmdRun.exe Scan -ScheduleJob
 -WinTask -RestrictPrivilegesScan
Start In: N/A
Comment: Scheduled Scan
Scheduled Task State: Enabled
Idle Time: Only Start If Idle for 1 minutes, If Not Idle Retry For 240 minutes
Power Management: No Start On Batteries
Run As User: SYSTEM
Delete Task If Not Rescheduled: Enabled
Stop Task If Runs X Hours and X Mins: 72:00:00
Schedule: Scheduling data is not available in this format.
Schedule Type: Daily
Start Time: 5:11:13 AM
Start Date: 1/1/2000
End Date: 1/1/2100
Days: Every 1 day(s)
Months: N/A
Repeat: Every: Disabled
Repeat: Until: Time: Disabled
Repeat: Until: Duration: Disabled
Repeat: Stop If Still Running: Disabled
[..Snip..]
# tasklist指令顯示了正在運作的程序以及啟動服務。
C:\Windows\system32> tasklist /SVC
Image Name PID Services
========================= ======== ============================================
System Idle Process 0 N/A
System 4 N/A
smss.exe 244 N/A
csrss.exe 332 N/A
csrss.exe 372 N/A
wininit.exe 380 N/A
winlogon.exe 428 N/A
services.exe 476 N/A
lsass.exe 484 SamSs
lsm.exe 496 N/A
svchost.exe 588 DcomLaunch, PlugPlay, Power
svchost.exe 668 RpcEptMapper, RpcSs
svchost.exe 760 Audiosrv, Dhcp, eventlog,
 HomeGroupProvider, lmhosts, wscsvc
svchost.exe 800 AudioEndpointBuilder, CscService, Netman,
 SysMain, TrkWks, UxSms, WdiSystemHost,
 wudfsvc
svchost.exe 836 AeLookupSvc, BITS, gpsvc, iphlpsvc,
 LanmanServer, MMCSS, ProfSvc, Schedule,
 seclogon, SENS, ShellHWDetection, Themes,
 Winmgmt, wuauserv
audiodg.exe 916 N/A
svchost.exe 992 EventSystem, fdPHost, netprofm, nsi,
 WdiServiceHost, WinHttpAutoProxySvc
svchost.exe 1104 CryptSvc, Dnscache, LanmanWorkstation,
 NlaSvc
spoolsv.exe 1244 Spooler
svchost.exe 1272 BFE, DPS, MpsSvc
mDNSResponder.exe 1400 Bonjour Service
taskhost.exe 1504 N/A
taskeng.exe 1556 N/A
vmtoolsd.exe 1580 VMTools
dwm.exe 1660 N/A
explorer.exe 1668 N/A
vmware-usbarbitrator.exe 1768 VMUSBArbService
TPAutoConnSvc.exe 1712 TPAutoConnSvc
[..Snip..]
C:\Windows\system32> net start
These Windows services are started:
 Application Experience
 Application Information
 Background Intelligent Transfer Service
 Base Filtering Engine
 Bluetooth Support Service
 Bonjour Service
 COM+ Event System
 COM+ System Application
 Cryptographic Services
 DCOM Server Process Launcher
 Desktop Window Manager Session Manager
 DHCP Client
 Diagnostic Policy Service
 Diagnostic Service Host
 Diagnostic System Host
 Distributed Link Tracking Client
 Distributed Transaction Coordinator
 DNS Client
 Function Discovery Provider Host
 Function Discovery Resource Publication
 Group Policy Client
[..Snip..]
# DRIVERQUERY有時是有用的，因為一些第三方驅動，即使是信譽良好的公司，也比瑞士奶酪上的洞多。這是可能的，因為ring0的利用是在大多數人的專長技能之外。
C:\Windows\system32> DRIVERQUERY
Module Name Display Name Driver Type Link Date
============ ====================== ============= ======================
1394ohci 1394 OHCI Compliant Ho Kernel 11/20/2010 6:01:11 PM
ACPI Microsoft ACPI Driver Kernel 11/20/2010 4:37:52 PM
AcpiPmi ACPI Power Meter Drive Kernel 11/20/2010 4:47:55 PM
adp94xx adp94xx Kernel 12/6/2008 7:59:55 AM
adpahci adpahci Kernel 5/2/2007 1:29:26 AM
adpu320 adpu320 Kernel 2/28/2007 8:03:08 AM
AFD Ancillary Function Dri Kernel 11/20/2010 4:40:00 PM
agp440 Intel AGP Bus Filter Kernel 7/14/2009 7:25:36 AM
aic78xx aic78xx Kernel 4/12/2006 8:20:11 AM
aliide aliide Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:17 AM
amdagp AMD AGP Bus Filter Dri Kernel 7/14/2009 7:25:36 AM
amdide amdide Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:19 AM
AmdK8 AMD K8 Processor Drive Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:03 AM
AmdPPM AMD Processor Driver Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:03 AM
amdsata amdsata Kernel 3/19/2010 9:08:27 AM
amdsbs amdsbs Kernel 3/21/2009 2:35:26 AM
amdxata amdxata Kernel 3/20/2010 12:19:01 AM
AppID AppID Driver Kernel 11/20/2010 5:29:48 PM
arc arc Kernel 5/25/2007 5:31:06 AM
[..Snip..]
           

在t4階段，神秘藝術之WMIC

WMIC（Windows Management Instrumentation Command-Line，Windows管理工具指令行），是Windows最有用的指令行工具之一。

WMIC對于資訊收集和滲透是非常實用的，而且輸出内容有很多值得期待的地方。全面解釋WMIC的使用将需要一個教程，由于格式化的問題，WMIC有些輸出将很難顯示。

下面列出兩個文章，對于WMIC是非常值得閱讀的：

• Command-Line Ninjitsu (SynJunkie)
• Windows WMIC Command Line (ComputerHope)

一些預設配置的Windows并不允許通路WMIC，除非是使用者在Windows的管理組，從虛拟機測試來看，任何版本的Windows XP的低權限使用者并不能通路WMIC。相反的，預設配置的Windows 7專業版和Windows 8企業版允許低權限的使用者通路WMIC并查詢作業系統版本。

這正是我們所需要的，因為我們正在使用WMIC來收集關于目标機的資訊。關于WMIC的選項，列出了下面可用的指令行：

C:\Windows\system32> wmic /?
[global switches] 
The following global switches are available:
/NAMESPACE Path for the namespace the alias operate against.
/ROLE Path for the role containing the alias definitions.
/NODE Servers the alias will operate against.
/IMPLEVEL Client impersonation level.
/AUTHLEVEL Client authentication level.
/LOCALE Language id the client should use.
/PRIVILEGES Enable or disable all privileges.
/TRACE Outputs debugging information to stderr.
/RECORD Logs all input commands and output.
/INTERACTIVE Sets or resets the interactive mode.
/FAILFAST Sets or resets the FailFast mode.
/USER User to be used during the session.
/PASSWORD Password to be used for session login.
/OUTPUT Specifies the mode for output redirection.
/APPEND Specifies the mode for output redirection.
/AGGREGATE Sets or resets aggregate mode.
/AUTHORITY Specifies the for the connection.
/?[:<BRIEF|FULL>] Usage information.
For more information on a specific global switch, type: switch-name /?
The following alias/es are available in the current role:
ALIAS - Access to the aliases available on the local system
BASEBOARD - Base board (also known as a motherboard or system board) management.
BIOS - Basic input/output services (BIOS) management.
BOOTCONFIG - Boot configuration management.
CDROM - CD-ROM management.
COMPUTERSYSTEM - Computer system management.
CPU - CPU management.
CSPRODUCT - Computer system product information from SMBIOS.
DATAFILE - DataFile Management.
DCOMAPP - DCOM Application management.
DESKTOP - User's Desktop management.
DESKTOPMONITOR - Desktop Monitor management.
DEVICEMEMORYADDRESS - Device memory addresses management.
DISKDRIVE - Physical disk drive management.
DISKQUOTA - Disk space usage for NTFS volumes.
DMACHANNEL - Direct memory access (DMA) channel management.
ENVIRONMENT - System environment settings management.
FSDIR - Filesystem directory entry management.
GROUP - Group account management.
IDECONTROLLER - IDE Controller management.
IRQ - Interrupt request line (IRQ) management.
JOB - Provides access to the jobs scheduled using the schedule service.
LOADORDER - Management of system services that define execution dependencies.
LOGICALDISK - Local storage device management.
LOGON - LOGON Sessions.
MEMCACHE - Cache memory management.
MEMORYCHIP - Memory chip information.
MEMPHYSICAL - Computer system's physical memory management.
NETCLIENT - Network Client management.
NETLOGIN - Network login information (of a particular user) management.
NETPROTOCOL - Protocols (and their network characteristics) management.
NETUSE - Active network connection management.
NIC - Network Interface Controller (NIC) management.
NICCONFIG - Network adapter management.
NTDOMAIN - NT Domain management.
NTEVENT - Entries in the NT Event Log.
NTEVENTLOG - NT eventlog file management.
ONBOARDDEVICE - Management of common adapter devices built into the motherboard (system board).
OS - Installed Operating System/s management.
PAGEFILE - Virtual memory file swapping management.
PAGEFILESET - Page file settings management.
PARTITION - Management of partitioned areas of a physical disk.
PORT - I/O port management.
PORTCONNECTOR - Physical connection ports management.
PRINTER - Printer device management.
PRINTERCONFIG - Printer device configuration management.
PRINTJOB - Print job management.
PROCESS - Process management.
PRODUCT - Installation package task management.
QFE - Quick Fix Engineering.
QUOTASETTING - Setting information for disk quotas on a volume.
RDACCOUNT - Remote Desktop connection permission management.
RDNIC - Remote Desktop connection management on a specific network adapter.
RDPERMISSIONS - Permissions to a specific Remote Desktop connection.
RDTOGGLE - Turning Remote Desktop listener on or off remotely.
RECOVEROS - Information that will be gathered from memory when the operating system fails.
REGISTRY - Computer system registry management.
SCSICONTROLLER - SCSI Controller management.
SERVER - Server information management.
SERVICE - Service application management.
SHADOWCOPY - Shadow copy management.
SHADOWSTORAGE - Shadow copy storage area management.
SHARE - Shared resource management.
SOFTWAREELEMENT - Management of the elements of a software product installed on a system.
SOFTWAREFEATURE - Management of software product subsets of SoftwareElement.
SOUNDDEV - Sound Device management.
STARTUP - Management of commands that run automatically when users log onto the computer 
 system.
SYSACCOUNT - System account management.
SYSDRIVER - Management of the system driver for a base service.
SYSTEMENCLOSURE - Physical system enclosure management.
SYSTEMSLOT - Management of physical connection points including ports, slots and 
 peripherals, and proprietary connections points.
TAPEDRIVE - Tape drive management.
TEMPERATURE - Data management of a temperature sensor (electronic thermometer).
TIMEZONE - Time zone data management.
UPS - Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) management.
USERACCOUNT - User account management.
VOLTAGE - Voltage sensor (electronic voltmeter) data management.
VOLUME - Local storage volume management.
VOLUMEQUOTASETTING - Associates the disk quota setting with a specific disk volume.
VOLUMEUSERQUOTA - Per user storage volume quota management.
WMISET - WMI service operational parameters management.
For more information on a specific alias, type: alias /?
CLASS - Escapes to full WMI schema.
PATH - Escapes to full WMI object paths.
CONTEXT - Displays the state of all the global switches.
QUIT/EXIT - Exits the program.
For more information on CLASS/PATH/CONTEXT, type: (CLASS | PATH | CONTEXT) /?
           

為了簡化操作，我已經建立了一個腳本，可以在目标機器上使用WMIC提取以下資訊：流程、服務、使用者帳号、使用者組、網絡接口、硬碟資訊、網絡共享資訊、安裝Windows更新檔、程式在啟動運作、安裝的軟體清單、作業系統、時區資訊。

通過各種标志和參數來提取有價值的資訊，如果有人想要添加到清單中，請在下面留下評論。使用内置的輸出特性，腳本将把所有結果寫入可讀的html檔案。

腳本位址：

http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/files/wmic_info.rar

輸出頁面：

http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/files/Win7.html

以上是今天的内容，大家看懂了嗎？下期我們将繼續分享Windows提權基本原理的相關内容，請大家及時關注。