Linux指令實踐（二）

1.printf格式化輸出(format and print data)

文法：printf(選項)(參數)

參數

輸出格式：指定資料輸出時的格式；

輸出字元串：指定要輸出的資料。

格式替代符

%c ASCII字元。顯示相對應參數的第一個字元

%d, %i 十進制整數

%e, %E, %f 浮點格式

%g %e或%f轉換，看哪一個較短，則删除結尾的零

%G %E或%f轉換，看哪一個較短，則删除結尾的零

%o 不帶正負号的八進制值

%s 字元串

%u 不帶正負号的十進制值

%x 不帶正負号的十六進制值，使用a至f表示10至15

%X 不帶正負号的十六進制值，使用A至F表示10至15

%% 字面意義的%

[root@test ~]# printf '%c\n'  1010      
1
[root@test ~]# printf '%d\n'  123 
123
[root@test ~]# printf '%e\n' 123    
1.230000e+02
[root@test ~]# printf '%E\n' 123 
1.230000E+02
[root@test ~]# printf '%f\n' 123 
123.000000
[root@test ~]# printf '%g\n' 123 
123
[root@test ~]# printf '%g\n' 123.123456
123.123
[root@test ~]# printf '%g\n' 123.000456   
123
[root@test ~]# printf '%g\n' 123.00456 
123.005
[root@test ~]# printf '%g\n' 123.00446
123.004
[root@test ~]# printf '%G\n' 123.00446 
123.004
[root@test ~]# printf '%o\n' 101010
305222
[root@test ~]# printf '%o\n' 8     
10
[root@test ~]# printf '%o\n' 8888
21270
[root@test ~]# printf '%s\n' abc
abc
[root@test ~]# printf '%u\n' -100
18446744073709551516
[root@test ~]# printf '%u\n' 100 
100
[root@test ~]# printf '%x\n' 1010
3f2
[root@test ~]# printf '%x\n' -1010
fffffffffffffc0e
[root@test ~]# printf '%X\n' -1010   
FFFFFFFFFFFFFC0E
[root@test ~]# printf '%X\n' 1010 
3F2
[root@test ~]# printf '%%\n' 1010 
%      

轉義序列

• \a 警告字元，通常為ASCII的BEL字元
• \b 後退
• \c 抑制（不顯示）輸出結果中任何結尾的換行字元（隻在%b格式訓示符控制下的參數字元串中有效），而且，任何留在參數裡的字元、任何接下來的參數以及任何留在格式字元串中的字元，都被忽略
• \f 換頁（formfeed）
• \n 換行
• \r 回車（Carriage return）
• \t 水準制表符
• \v 垂直制表符
• \\ 一個字面上的反斜杠字元

[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\babc\n' 
ababc
[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\n'  
abc\cabc
[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\naaaa' 
abc\cabc
aaaa[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\naaaa\nbadfas' 
abc\cabc
aaaa
badfas[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\naaaa\fbadfas'  
abc\cabc
aaaa
    badfas[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\naaaa\fbadfas\n' 
abc\cabc
aaaa
    badfas
[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\naaaa\f\rbadfas\n' 
abc\cabc
aaaa
badfas
[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\naaaa\f\rba\rdfas\n' 
abc\cabc
aaaa
dfas
[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\naaaa\f\rbadfas\n'   
abc\cabc
aaaa
badfas
[root@test ~]# printf 'abc\cabc\na\raaa\f\rbadfas\n' 
abc\cabc
aaa
badfas
[root@test ~]# printf 'aaaa\tbbbn'                                
aaaa    bbbn[root@test ~]# printf 'aaaa\tbbb\n' 
aaaa    bbb
[root@test ~]# printf 'aaaa\vbbb\n'  
aaaa
    bbb
[root@test ~]# printf 'aaaa\\bbb\n'  
aaaa\bbb
[root@test ~]# 
      

2.mkdir:建立空目錄

文法：mkdir (選項)(參數)

-p:parents如果目錄存在則不建立也不報錯，若不存在則建立需要的目錄

[root@test ~]# ls
scripts
[root@test ~]# mkdir test/xxx/abc -p
[root@test ~]# ls
scripts  test
[root@test ~]# tree test
test
`-- xxx
    `-- abc

2 directories, 0 files
      

-v:verbose 詳細資訊，顯示建立過程

[root@test ~]# mkdir -pv abc/bcd/dce/efg
mkdir: created directory `abc'
mkdir: created directory `abc/bcd'
mkdir: created directory `abc/bcd/dce'
mkdir: created directory `abc/bcd/dce/efg'
      

{}大括号展開

[root@test ~]# mkdir -pv xxx/{a,b,c}/bcd
mkdir: created directory `xxx'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/a'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/a/bcd'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/b'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/b/bcd'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/c'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/c/bcd'
[root@test ~]# tree xxx
xxx
|-- a
|   `-- bcd
|-- b
|   `-- bcd
`-- c
    `-- bcd

6 directories, 0 files
[root@test ~]# mkdir -pv xxx/{a,b}_{b,c}_{d,e}
mkdir: created directory `xxx/a_b_d'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/a_b_e'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/a_c_d'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/a_c_e'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/b_b_d'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/b_b_e'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/b_c_d'
mkdir: created directory `xxx/b_c_e'
[root@test ~]# tree xxx
xxx
|-- a
|   `-- bcd
|-- a_b_d
|-- a_b_e
|-- a_c_d
|-- a_c_e
|-- b
|   `-- bcd
|-- b_b_d
|-- b_b_e
|-- b_c_d
|-- b_c_e
`-- c
    `-- bcd

14 directories, 0 files
      

-m:指定檔案目錄的權限，直接指定權限不受umask影響

[qiuhom@test xx]$ ll
total 0
[qiuhom@test xx]$ mkdir test
[qiuhom@test xx]$ ll
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 qiuhom qiuhom 4096 Oct 19 15:26 test
[qiuhom@test xx]$ mkdir -m 400 test2
[qiuhom@test xx]$ ll
total 8
drwxrwxr-x 2 qiuhom qiuhom 4096 Oct 19 15:26 test
dr-------- 2 qiuhom qiuhom 4096 Oct 19 15:27 test2　      

3.rmdir：删除空目錄（remove directory）隻允許删除空目錄，非空目錄删不了

[root@test ~]# tree aaa
aaa

0 directories, 0 files
[root@test ~]# rmdir aaa
[root@test ~]# tree abc
abc
`-- bcd
    `-- dce
        `-- efg

3 directories, 0 files
[root@test ~]# rmdir abc
rmdir: failed to remove `abc': Directory not empty
      

4.tree:檢視檔案系統樹，檢視目錄樹

[root@test work]# tree scripts 
scripts
|-- auto_bak_log.sh
|-- auto_delete_log.sh
|-- batch_create_user.sh
|-- batch_delete_user.sh
|-- clear
|-- nginx_install.sh
`-- rsync_server_config.sh

0 directories, 7 files
[root@test work]# tree mysql_log/
mysql_log/
`-- mysql.log

0 directories, 1 file
      

5.touch:建立一個空檔案，這個指令的主要作用是改變檔案的時間戳（change file timestamps）

文法：touch [OPTION]... FILE...

-c:不建立檔案，檔案不存在不建立檔案，預設不加-c 是檔案不存在就建立檔案，所有這個指令才有了建立檔案的功能。

[root@test xxx]# ls
[root@test xxx]# touch -c abc
[root@test xxx]# ls
      

預設不加-c就是檔案不存在就建立檔案

[root@test xxx]# ls
[root@test xxx]# touch abc
[root@test xxx]# ls
abc
      

    提示：建立檔案，可以使用文本編輯器來建立

-a:隻改變通路時間（access time）

[root@test xxx]# stat abc
  File: `abc'
  Size: 0               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140554      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:32:34.842999349 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 21:32:34.842999349 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:32:34.842999349 +0800
[root@test xxx]# touch -a abc
[root@test xxx]# stat abc
  File: `abc'
  Size: 0               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140554      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:33:23.714999000 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 21:32:34.842999349 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:33:23.714999000 +0800
      

　　提示：改變通路時間，檔案的改變時間也會跟着發生改變，因為隻要檔案發生了改變，change所對應的時間也就會更新

-m:隻改變修改時間（modify time）

[root@test xxx]# stat abc
  File: `abc'
  Size: 0               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140554      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:33:23.714999000 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 21:32:34.842999349 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:33:23.714999000 +0800
[root@test xxx]# touch -m abc
[root@test xxx]# stat abc    
  File: `abc'
  Size: 0               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140554      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:33:23.714999000 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 21:37:13.442000125 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:37:13.442000125 +0800
      

-t:指定時間

[root@test xxx]# stat abc
  File: `abc'
  Size: 0               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140554      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:33:23.714999000 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 21:37:13.442000125 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:37:13.442000125 +0800
[root@test xxx]# touch -m -t 201010101254.33 abc
[root@test xxx]# stat abc
  File: `abc'
  Size: 0               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140554      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:33:23.714999000 +0800
Modify: 2010-10-10 12:54:33.000000000 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:43:55.968996321 +0800
      

6.stat:檢視檔案的詳細屬性

[root@test ~]# stat scripts 
  File: `scripts'
  Size: 4096            Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   directory
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 131075      Links: 3
Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:17:07.214995505 +0800
Modify: 2018-09-14 10:52:57.264000280 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:17:01.983000675 +0800
[root@test ~]# stat abc    
  File: `abc'
  Size: 4096            Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   directory
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140544      Links: 3
Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 21:23:40.826000125 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 21:19:30.404995317 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 21:19:30.404995317 +0800
      

7.rm(remove)删除檔案

文法：rm (選項)(參數)

-i:删除已有檔案或目錄之前先詢問使用者

[root@test xxx]# ls
abc
[root@test xxx]# rm -i abc 
rm: remove regular empty file `abc'? y
[root@test xxx]# ls
[root@test xxx]# 
      

-f:強制删除檔案或目錄(不詢問使用者)

[root@test xxx]# ls
bcd
[root@test xxx]# rm -f bcd
[root@test xxx]# ls
[root@test xxx]# 
      

-r:遞歸處理，将指定目錄下的所有檔案與子目錄一并處理

[root@test ~]# tree test
test
`-- xxx
    `-- abc

2 directories, 0 files
[root@test ~]# \rm -r test
[root@test ~]# ls
scripts  xxx
      

　　說明：以上執行個體是因為rm是一個别名，它指向的指令是 rm -i  所有我用反斜線取消别名所指定的指令。

8.cp複制檔案或目錄

文法：cp(選項)(參數)

-d:隻複制連結檔案，不複制連結檔案所指向的檔案。

[root@test ~]# ls
scripts  xxx
[root@test ~]# ll /application/
total 1512
drwxrwxr-x  9 root root    4096 Aug 31 17:08 haproxy-1.6.2
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 1538976 Aug 15 15:53 haproxy-1.6.2.tar.gz
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root      25 Jul 28 01:10 nginx -> /application/nginx-1.6.3/
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root    4096 Jul 28 01:10 nginx-1.6.3
[root@test ~]# cp -d /application/nginx /root/
[root@test ~]# ls -l /root/
total 8
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   25 Oct 16 21:58 nginx -> /application/nginx-1.6.3/
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 21:51 xxx
      

-f：強制覆寫檔案（非互動）

[root@test ~]# ll xxx/
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4534 Oct 16 22:09 123
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4534 Oct 16 22:04 sshd
[root@test ~]# \cp -f scripts/nohup.out xxx/123 
[root@test ~]# ll xxx/
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Oct 16 22:11 123
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4534 Oct 16 22:04 sshd
      

　　提示：\的作用是取消别名

-i：覆寫既有檔案之前先詢問使用者；

[root@test ~]# ll xxx/
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Oct 16 22:11 123
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4534 Oct 16 22:04 sshd
[root@test ~]# \cp -i xxx/123 xxx/sshd 
cp: overwrite `xxx/sshd'? y
[root@test ~]# ll xxx/
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 16 22:11 123
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 22:14 sshd
      

-l：對源檔案建立硬連接配接，而非複制檔案

[root@test ~]# ls -l xxx/
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 16 22:11 123
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 22:14 sshd
[root@test ~]# cp -l xxx/sshd abc
[root@test ~]# ll
total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root  693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 22:06 xxx
[root@test ~]# ll xxx/
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 16 22:11 123
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Oct 16 22:14 sshd
      

　　提示：我們可以看到sshd 前面硬連結數目增加了1.當然我們也可以用inode方式去看，如果連個檔案的inode号一樣 那麼就說明他們是同一個檔案。

[root@test ~]# ll -i xxx/sshd abc 
135455 -rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
135455 -rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Oct 16 22:14 xxx/sshd
      

　　說明：以上執行個體說明cp -l 是對檔案建立硬連結，而非複制檔案

-R/r：遞歸處理，将指定目錄下的所有檔案與子目錄一并處理

[root@test xxx]# ls
[root@test xxx]# cp -r /etc/init.d/ /root/xxx/
[root@test xxx]# ls
init.d
[root@test xxx]# tree
.
`-- init.d
    |-- DbSecuritySpt
    |-- abrt-ccpp
    |-- abrt-oops
    |-- abrtd
    |-- acpid
    |-- atd
    |-- auditd
    |-- blk-availability
    |-- cpuspeed
    |-- crond
    |-- functions


...
      

-s：對源檔案建立符号連接配接，而非複制檔案；

[root@test ~]# ll
total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root  693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 22:31 xxx
[root@test ~]# cp -s nginx_install.sh test
[root@test ~]# ll
total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root  693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   16 Oct 16 22:31 test -> nginx_install.sh
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 22:31 xxx
[root@test ~]# 
      

-b：覆寫已存在的檔案目标前将目标檔案備份；

[root@test xxx]# ls
ttt
[root@test xxx]# \cp -b ../abc ttt 
[root@test xxx]# ls
ttt  ttt~
[root@test xxx]# 
      

-v：詳細顯示指令執行的操作。

[root@test ~]# cp -v nginx_install.sh ooo
`nginx_install.sh' -> `ooo'
      

-p:保留源檔案的屬主，屬組　和建立時間等屬性

[root@test ~]# ls -l abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom 0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
[root@test ~]# cp -p abc ddd
[root@test ~]# ls -l ddd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom 0 Oct 16 22:14 ddd      

-a:歸檔複制，常用于備份參數的效果和同時指定"-dpR"參數相同

[qiuhom@test ~]$ ll
total 39636
-rw-r-S--- 1 root   root      20163 Sep 20 18:36 a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root    4227297 Oct 14 11:19 bin.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root      50566 Oct 14 11:21 etc_rc_init.tar.gz
-rwsr--r-- 1 qiuhom qiuhom      177 Sep 12 10:55 mycron
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root   36277770 Oct 14 11:20 usr_bin.tar.gz
[qiuhom@test ~]$ cp -a bin.tar.gz test
[qiuhom@test ~]$ ll
total 43768
-rw-r-S--- 1 root   root      20163 Sep 20 18:36 a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root    4227297 Oct 14 11:19 bin.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root      50566 Oct 14 11:21 etc_rc_init.tar.gz
-rwsr--r-- 1 qiuhom qiuhom      177 Sep 12 10:55 mycron
-rw-r--r-- 1 qiuhom qiuhom  4227297 Oct 14 11:19 test
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root   36277770 Oct 14 11:20 usr_bin.tar.gz
[qiuhom@test ~]$ stat bin.tar.gz 
  File: `bin.tar.gz'
  Size: 4227297         Blocks: 8264       IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 135931      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2018-10-16 23:47:19.533000125 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-14 11:19:50.026000238 +0800
Change: 2018-10-14 11:19:50.026000238 +0800
[qiuhom@test ~]$ stat test 
  File: `test'
  Size: 4227297         Blocks: 8264       IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: 803h/2051d      Inode: 140564      Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (  500/  qiuhom)   Gid: (  500/  qiuhom)
Access: 2018-10-14 11:30:35.254999044 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-14 11:19:50.026000238 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 23:47:19.536000125 +0800
      

　　提示：因為執行cp指令 會通路源檔案，所有屬性裡的通路時間會發生變化，而目标檔案的通路時間和修改是件和源檔案被通路前的時間一樣。應為生成新的檔案，是以目标檔案的改變是見和源檔案的通路時間一樣，兩者是同時發生的。

9.mv(move)移動檔案

文法：mv(選項)(參數)

mv SRC DEST

mv -t DEST SRC

移動單個檔案到指定文目錄

[root@test ~]# ls
aaa  abc  ddd  jjj  nginx_install.sh  ooo  scripts  test  xxx
[root@test ~]# mv abc xxx
[root@test ~]# ls
aaa  ddd  jjj  nginx_install.sh  ooo  scripts  test  xxx
[root@test ~]# ls xxx
abc  ttt  ttt~      

移動多個檔案到指定目錄下

[root@test ~]# ll
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 ddd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 jjj
-rw-r--r-- 2 root  root    693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root    693 Oct 16 22:35 ooo
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root  root     16 Oct 16 22:31 test -> nginx_install.sh
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:42 xxx
[root@test ~]# mv ddd jjj nginx_install.sh test ooo xxx
[root@test ~]# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 22:44 xxx
[root@test ~]# ll xxx
total 8
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 ddd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:39 jjj
-rw-r--r-- 2 root  root   693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root   693 Oct 16 22:35 ooo
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root  root    16 Oct 16 22:31 test -> nginx_install.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:34 ttt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:33 ttt~　      

當目标檔案是檔案是會覆寫其目标檔案

[root@test xxx]# ll
total 8
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 ddd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:39 jjj
-rw-r--r-- 2 root  root   693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root  root    16 Oct 16 22:31 test -> nginx_install.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root   693 Oct 16 22:35 ttt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:33 ttt~
[root@test xxx]# mv jjj ttt
mv: overwrite `ttt'? y
[root@test xxx]# ll
total 4
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 ddd
-rw-r--r-- 2 root  root   693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root  root    16 Oct 16 22:31 test -> nginx_install.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:33 ttt~
      

　　提示：可以看到ttt檔案的大小發生了改變，說明ttt原有的資料被jjj給覆寫了

當源檔案是多個檔案時，目标檔案必須是目錄

[root@test xxx]# ll 
total 4
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom   0 Oct 16 22:14 ddd
-rw-r--r-- 2 root  root   693 Jul 28 01:16 nginx_install.sh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root  root    16 Oct 16 22:31 test -> nginx_install.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root     0 Oct 16 22:33 ttt~
[root@test xxx]# mv abc ddd ttt   
mv: target `ttt' is not a directory
[root@test xxx]# mv abc ddd ttt ..
[root@test xxx]# ls
nginx_install.sh  test  ttt~
[root@test xxx]# 
      

-t:指定目标目錄（這裡必須是目錄，檔案不行）

[root@test xxx]# ls
nginx_install.sh  test  ttt~
[root@test xxx]# mv -t /tmp test nginx_install.sh ttt~
[root@test xxx]# ll
total 0
[root@test xxx]# ls /tmp
Gtcpe   gates.lod  nginx_install.sh  test_dir  yum_save_tx-2018-10-13-19-486q4O6n.yumtx
conf.n  moni.lod   test              ttt～      

在同目錄下，可以更改檔案名

[root@test ~]# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 ddd
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:50 xxx
[root@test ~]# mv ddd abc
[root@test ~]# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:50 xxx
      

10.install :複制檔案和設定屬性

-d:建立目錄

[root@test ~]# ls
aaa  abc  scripts  ttt  xxx
[root@test ~]# install -d bbb/cccc/ddd
[root@test ~]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:59 bbb
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:50 xxx
[root@test ~]# tree bbb
bbb
`-- cccc
    `-- ddd

2 directories, 0 files
      

　　提示：這個建立目錄和mkdir -p類似

-m:指定權限，預設是rwxr_xr_x權限（755）

[root@test ~]# install -m 644 abc jjj
[root@test ~]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:59 bbb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 23:03 jjj
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:50 xxx
      

-t：指定目标目錄

[root@test ~]# ll xxx
total 0
[root@test ~]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:59 bbb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 23:03 jjj
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:50 xxx
[root@test ~]# install -t xxx ttt abc jjj
[root@test ~]# ll 
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:59 bbb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 23:03 jjj
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 23:06 xxx
[root@test ~]# ll xxx
total 0
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 23:06 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 23:06 jjj
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 23:06 ttt
      

　　提示：目标必須是目錄 ，不能是檔案

-g:指定目标檔案的屬組

[root@test ~]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:59 bbb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 23:03 jjj
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 23:06 xxx
[root@test ~]# install -g qiuhom jjj ccc
[root@test ~]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:36 aaa
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mysql qiuhom    0 Oct 16 22:14 abc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Oct 16 22:59 bbb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  qiuhom    0 Oct 16 23:10 ccc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 23:03 jjj
drwxr-xr-x 3 root  root   4096 Sep 14 10:52 scripts
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root  root      0 Oct 16 22:39 ttt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root  root   4096 Oct 16 23:06 xxx
      

　　提示：複制前指定ccc 為qiuhom組的權限

-o:指定目标屬主

[root@test xxx]# ll
total 0
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 23:06 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 23:06 jjj
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 16 23:06 ttt
[root@test xxx]# install -o qiuhom abc ddd
[root@test xxx]# ll
total 0
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 qiuhom root 0 Oct 16 23:13 ddd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 jjj
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 ttt
      

　　提示：指定目标檔案ddd的屬主為qiuhom

-v：輸出指令執行過程

[root@test xxx]# ll  
total 0
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 qiuhom root 0 Oct 16 23:13 ddd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 jjj
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 ttt
[root@test xxx]# install -vm 400 ddd fff
`ddd' -> `fff'
[root@test xxx]# ll
total 0
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 qiuhom root 0 Oct 16 23:13 ddd
-r-------- 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:16 fff
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 jjj
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root 0 Oct 16 23:06 ttt      

作者：Linux-1874

出處：https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuhom-1874/

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