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RH134 UNIT4

管理系統中的簡單分區和檔案系統

一.簡單分區和檔案系統

     存儲是每個計算機系統的基本需求。 Red Hat EnterpriseLinux 提供了一些強大的工具 , 它們能在       大量的場景中管理多種類型的儲存設備

    disk 是用于管理磁盤分區的實用程式。您可以通過選擇 -l選項和指定磁盤名稱 ( fdisk -cul/dev/vda)         運作該實用程式 , 以檢視磁盤及其分區。您可以通過互動式地運作該實用程式 , 并選擇相應的菜            單選項 ( fdisk -cu /dev/vda ) 進行更改。 -c 禁用舊的 DOS 相容模式 , -u 以扇區 ( 而不是柱            面已經過時 ) 的格式顯示輸出

二.檢視系統裝置資訊

     fdisk -l

        – 顯示系統中所有可以使用的裝置資訊

     blkid

        – 顯示系統正在使用的裝置 id

三.建立新分區

1.建立新分區

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb               ###建立分區指令

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n                           ###m檢視幫助 n建立分區

Partition type:

   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

   e   extended

Select (default p):                                       ###p主邏輯卷 e擴充分區

Using default response p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):          ###起始點

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +500M ##大小

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p                   ###顯示分區表

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x4a3c53fa

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/vdb1            2048     1026047      512000   83  Linux

Command (m for help): wq                        ###儲存退出

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@localhost ~]# partprobe                 ###同步分區表

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1  ###格式化建立分區為xfs檔案系統

meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=256    agcount=4, agsize=32000 blks

         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1

         =                       crc=0

data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=128000, imaxpct=25

         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks

naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0

log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=853, version=2

         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

<a href="https://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/39/wKiom1j9flfwBMXlAAzF66GbVbE360.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_1898241885.png" target="_blank"></a>

<a href="https://s1.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/38/wKioL1j9fl-CH-LDAAzfjLtqm1s553.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_3422160208.png" target="_blank"></a>

2.挂載分區

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自動挂載

編輯配置檔案 /etc/fstab

<a href="https://s5.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/3A/wKiom1j9guDRRt17AAxM3dZxm48638.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2940868821.png" target="_blank"></a>

<a href="https://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/39/wKioL1j9gueCX0NfAAxA9HjtIi8717.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_1569924764.png" target="_blank"></a>

3.删除分區

解除安裝分區

umount /mnt

<a href="https://s2.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/3A/wKiom1j9g63C981VAAy1PIO-OjU391.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2962510688.png" target="_blank"></a>

删除分區

配置檔案/etc/fstab

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk  /dev/vdb 

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 1

Partition 1 is deleted

Command (m for help): p

Command (m for help): wq

[root@localhost ~]# partprobe 

<a href="https://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/39/wKioL1j9hFHiYNy1AAyc2iJb3g0139.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_3604827175.png" target="_blank"></a>

四.swap分區的管理

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb 

Command (m for help): n

Select (default p): 

First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): 

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

Partition number (2-4, default 2): 

First sector (206848-20971519, default 206848): 

Using default value 206848

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-20971519, default 20971519): +100M

Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): t        ###修改分區功能标簽

Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1

Hex code (type L to list all codes): l  ###列出所有分區功能标簽

 0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        

 1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-

 2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-

 3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-

 4  FAT16 &lt;32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         

 5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    

 6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .

 7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   

 8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         

 9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     

 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        

 b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      

 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        

 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            

 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/

10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b

11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      

12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      

14  Hidden FAT16 &lt;3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  

16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    

17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 

18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto

1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        

1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            

1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix      

Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82

Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1,2, default 2): 

/dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   82  Linux swap / Solaris

/dev/vdb2          206848      411647      102400   82  Linux swap / Solaris

<a href="https://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/3A/wKioL1j9jFXBBzMSAAzT1c6EYJg164.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_1929703630.png" target="_blank"></a>

格式化swap分區

mkswap /dev/vdb{1..2}

<a href="https://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/3B/wKiom1j9jTmRqiEtAAy9TNBz2Ds956.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_702842807.png" target="_blank"></a>

挂載swap分區

swapon -a /etc/vdb*      ###激活swap分區

wapon -s                       ###檢視swap分區狀态

<a href="https://s5.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/3B/wKiom1j9jdOyl0u7AAxJtVF6yTw966.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2302937825.png" target="_blank"></a>

開機自動激活

配置/etc/fstab

<a href="https://s2.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/92/3B/wKiom1j9jy3Bshn8AAxzwEuNyvs829.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2749862788.png" target="_blank"></a>

<a href="https://s4.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/3A/wKioL1j9jzSR79qiAAww1NQfCeY281.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2426235121.png" target="_blank"></a>

優先級priority設定

1激活時加入參數-p num  

    swapon -a /dev/vdb1 -p num 

2配置fstab

<a href="https://s1.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/3B/wKiom1j9kLiwhh8eAAxl6N0tzWs452.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_3678054273.png" target="_blank"></a>

五.分區配額

分區并格式化

<a href="https://s1.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/92/47/wKiom1j92SCRSNKYABJCeqkqw5o402.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_664601158.png" target="_blank"></a>

挂載并開啟quota

[root@localhost westos]# mount -o usrquota,grpquota /dev/vdb1 /pub/ ###挂載時開啟quota

[root@localhost westos]# df -h                       ###檢視挂載狀态

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1        10G  3.1G  7.0G  31% /

devtmpfs        906M     0  906M   0% /dev

tmpfs           921M   80K  921M   1% /dev/shm

tmpfs           921M   21M  901M   3% /run

tmpfs           921M     0  921M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb1      1014M   33M  982M   4% /pub

<a href="https://s2.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/92/47/wKiom1j92X6hh8ryABKQez578Jo024.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_1192718360.png" target="_blank"></a>

設定使用者westos的限制

edquota -u westos

<a href="https://s2.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/46/wKioL1j92eKwQBuYABLgqv90tTU789.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2289315494.png" target="_blank"></a>

<a href="https://s4.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/47/wKiom1j92e7xM5lOABHSbgFwG5M639.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_113370908.png" target="_blank"></a>

測試westos可使用的空間

[root@localhost westos]# su westos                                ###切換使用者

[westos@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=10000###截取1G到/pub

dd: error writing ‘/pub/file’: Disk quota exceeded

201+0 records in

200+0 records out

209715200 bytes (210 MB) copied, 0.077746 s, 2.7 GB/s

[westos@localhost ~]$ du -sh /pub/                                ###檢視/pub下檔案大小

200M    /pub/                                                             

<a href="https://s2.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/47/wKioL1j92vGSpf8hABIa4CCYajY297.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_433813224.png" target="_blank"></a>

六.磁盤陣列

建立raid功能的三個分區

[root@localhost westos]# fdisk /dev/vdb 

No partition is defined yet!

[root@localhost westos]# partprobe 

[root@localhost westos]# clear

[3;J

   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)

Partition number (3,4, default 3): 

First sector (411648-20971519, default 411648): 

Using default value 411648

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-20971519, default 20971519): +100M

Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1

Hex code (type L to list all codes): l

Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd

Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'

Partition number (1-3, default 3): 2

Partition number (1-3, default 3): 3

/dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   fd  Linux raid autodetect

/dev/vdb2          206848      411647      102400   fd  Linux raid autodetect

/dev/vdb3          411648      616447      102400   fd  Linux raid autodetect

<a href="https://s4.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/48/wKiom1j93Vnxe8UAABLZyFL7Ccc951.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_3903823083.png" target="_blank"></a>

建立raid分區

mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1..3}

<a href="https://s4.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/47/wKioL1j931_ScJYXAA6IAHkp37s037.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_1417229621.png" target="_blank"></a>

<a href="https://s2.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/92/48/wKiom1j932jQPFGcAA8bZ49L68E118.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_827810119.png" target="_blank"></a>

mdadm -D /dev/md0    ##裝置配置資訊

mdadm /dev/md0    -f /dev/vdb1    ##損壞裝置1

mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/vdb1     ##移除裝置1

mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/vdb1    ##恢複裝置1

mdadm -S /dev/md0        ##停止裝置

七.分區加密

[root@desktop ~]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb1

WARNING!

========

This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb1 irrevocably.

Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES            ###是否加密 

Enter passphrase:                                               ###請輸入密碼

Verify passphrase:                                              ###确認密碼

<a href="https://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/92/48/wKiom1j95ZWghueEABItgQKfNB8223.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_789412472.png" target="_blank"></a>

裝置解密

[root@desktop ~]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb1 disk           ###打開加密裝置

Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb1: 

[root@desktop ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/disk -f                ###格式化裝置

meta-data=/dev/mapper/disk       isize=256    agcount=4, agsize=6272 blks

data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25088, imaxpct=25

[root@desktop ~]# mount /dev/mapper/disk /mnt/         ###挂載裝置

[root@desktop ~]# umount /mnt/                                   ###解除安裝裝置

[root@desktop ~]# cryptsetup close disk                       ###關閉裝置加密層

<a href="https://s5.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/92/49/wKiom1j96HTikzE4ABNGmLCvIHo577.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_410858045.png" target="_blank"></a>

<a href="https://s4.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/49/wKiom1j96IGhzESWABNMKpE07dQ190.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_4046056798.png" target="_blank"></a>

自動挂載加密裝置

設定開機解密

vim /etc/cryptab

<a href="https://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/92/49/wKiom1j96nyCDBqEABKOt6NHLuo576.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2148897168.png" target="_blank"></a>

<a href="https://s4.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/92/48/wKioL1j96t-i5BvdABLgD-hB8yE716.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_2976815359.png" target="_blank"></a>

寫密碼檔案

vim /root/passwd

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配置解密密碼

cryptsetup   luksAddKey   /dev/vdb1   /root/passwd

<a href="https://s2.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/92/49/wKiom1j968yCNQKiABKQtuHDvxU932.png-wh_500x0-wm_3-wmp_4-s_593670479.png" target="_blank"></a>

本文轉自Super_MONKEY 51CTO部落格,原文連結:http://blog.51cto.com/supermk/1918981

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