一，什麼是ssl
SSL證書通過在用戶端浏覽器和Web伺服器之間建立一條SSL安全通道（Secure socket layer(SSL)安全協定是由Netscape Communication公司設計開發。該安全協定主要用來提供對使用者和伺服器的認證；對傳送的資料進行加密和隐藏；確定資料在傳送中不被改變，即資料 的完整性，現已成為該領域中全球化的标準。由于SSL技術已建立到所有主要的浏覽器和WEB伺服器程式中，是以，僅需安裝伺服器證書就可以激活該功能 了）。即通過它可以激活SSL協定，實作資料資訊在用戶端和伺服器之間的加密傳輸，可以防止資料資訊的洩露。保證了雙方傳遞資訊的安全性，而且使用者可以通 過伺服器證書驗證他所通路的網站是否是真實可靠。
安全套接字層 (SSL) 技術通過加密資訊和提供鑒權，保護您的網站安全。一份 SSL 證書包括一個公共密鑰和一個私用密鑰。公共密鑰用于加密資訊，私用密鑰用于解譯加密的資訊。浏覽器指向一個安全域時，SSL 同步确認伺服器和用戶端，并建立一種加密方式和一個唯一的會話密鑰。它們可以啟動一個保證消息的隐私性和完整性的安全會話。
首先要有一個主證書，然後用主證書來簽發伺服器證書和客戶證書，伺服器證書和客戶證書是 平級關系，SSL所使用的證書可以自己生成，也可以通過一個商業性CA（如Verisign 或 Thawte）簽署證書。簽發證書的問題：如果使用的是商業證書，具體的簽署方法請檢視相關銷售商的說明；如果是知己簽發的證書，可以使用openssl 自帶的CA.sh腳本工具。如果不為單獨的用戶端簽發證書，用戶端證書可以不用生成，用戶端與伺服器端使用相同的證書。
二，安裝所要的軟體
三，安裝
在正式安裝前，請不要直接看下面的安裝，請看最後一部分，那是我安裝時候所遇到的問題，這樣可以使你少走不少彎路，我安裝的時候，就走了不少彎路。
1，安裝openssl
tar zxvf openssl-1.0.0a.tar.gz
cd openssl-1.0.0a
./config --prefix=/usr/local/openssl
make && make install
2,安裝apache
tar zxvf httpd-2.2.16.tar.gz
cd httpd-2.2.16
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --enable-ssl --enable-rewrite --enable-so --with-ssl=/usr/local/openssl
如果你是yum install ,apt-get,pacman這樣的軟體管理工具進行安裝的話，上面的二步可以省掉。
3，建立主證書
在/usr/local/apache/conf/下面建個目錄ssl
3.1，mkdir ssl
3.2，cp /openssl的安裝目錄/ssl/misc/CA.sh /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl/
3.3 用CA.sh來建立證書
[root@BlackGhost ssl]# ./CA.sh -newca //建立主證書
CA certificate filename (or enter to create)
Making CA certificate ...
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
............++++++
......++++++
writing new private key to './demoCA/private/./cakey.pem'
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verify failure
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:cn
Locality Name (eg, city) []:cn
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:cn
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:cn
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:localhost
Email Address []:[email protected]
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:******************
An optional company name []:
Using configuration from /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/./cakey.pem: //填的是上面的PEM密碼
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number:
89:11:9f:a6:ca:03:63:ab
Validity
Not Before: Aug 7 12:35:28 2010 GMT
Not After : Aug 6 12:35:28 2013 GMT
Subject:
countryName = cn
stateOrProvinceName = cn
organizationName = cn
organizationalUnitName = cn
commonName = localhost
emailAddress = [email protected]
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
26:09:F3:D5:26:13:00:1F:3E:CC:86:1D:E4:EE:37:06:65:15:4E:76
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:26:09:F3:D5:26:13:00:1F:3E:CC:86:1D:E4:EE:37:06:65:15:4E:76
DirName:/C=cn/ST=cn/O=cn/OU=cn/CN=localhost/[email protected]
serial:89:11:9F:A6:CA:03:63:AB
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:TRUE
Certificate is to be certified until Aug 6 12:35:28 2013 GMT (1095 days)
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
安裝成功的話，會在ssl目錄下面産生一個檔案夾demoCA
4 生成伺服器私鑰和伺服器證書
[root@BlackGhost ssl]# openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024 //産生伺服器私鑰
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
.....................++++++
.........++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for server.key:
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for server.key:
[root@BlackGhost ssl]# openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr //生成伺服器證書
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:localhost //要填全域名
A challenge password []:*****************
4.1 對産生的伺服器證書進行簽證
cp server.csr newseq.pem
[root@BlackGhost ssl]# ./CA.sh -sign //為伺服器證書簽名
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:
89:11:9f:a6:ca:03:63:ac
Not Before: Aug 7 12:39:41 2010 GMT
Not After : Aug 7 12:39:41 2011 GMT
localityName = cn
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
FE:20:56:04:8E:B6:BE:3E:3A:E1:DA:A6:4A:3A:E1:16:93:1D:3F:81
Certificate is to be certified until Aug 7 12:39:41 2011 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=cn, ST=cn, O=cn, OU=cn, CN=localhost/[email protected]
Subject: C=cn, ST=cn, L=cn, O=cn, OU=cn, CN=localhost/[email protected]
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (1024 bit)
Modulus:
00:ce:d5:a8:df:d1:e7:ee:92:d1:d1:78:20:a9:6d:
0a:1b:f6:09:dd:13:29:ef:72:1d:17:54:dd:1c:8d:
28:27:69:fe:70:3b:fa:2b:a3:45:40:80:ea:0e:5b:
a7:bd:40:d0:cd:bc:2c:74:03:8b:f7:6c:5e:1f:09:
5d:c6:8a:05:ea:b8:72:fc:79:8b:62:62:38:0b:42:
28:7e:0d:fc:e7:bb:b0:87:66:6a:b2:35:92:91:b9:
78:9c:b6:76:01:0b:2a:74:df:5f:a1:8b:31:61:90:
93:f9:20:db:46:59:12:2e:9b:59:c0:32:4e:92:14:
a1:7e:52:7b:cc:02:5e:e2:45
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
09:a0:16:43:a2:93:11:a7:ab:f5:17:b7:36:35:84:9f:3b:37:
32:33:3f:93:63:b0:4c:bb:d1:b4:9b:4f:37:78:62:f4:ac:ff:
28:b0:63:71:2e:9a:7c:f4:40:2e:b1:5f:ae:49:e7:e2:6f:de:
cf:30:cc:9a:08:26:26:24:c5:00:03:32:20:48:41:b1:29:8f:
5d:3d:2a:78:54:0e:a8:76:07:6c:7f:23:42:75:c2:fb:83:1d:
70:44:5e:8c:90:cf:b4:23:b7:23:5b:06:05:32:58:e3:af:1c:
be:1d:50:7b:fd:37:66:ba:9c:ec:bb:af:ee:b6:04:f7:c5:2e:
59:22
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Signed certificate is in newcert.pem
cp newcert.pem server.crt
5,産生用戶端證書
生成客戶私鑰：
openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 1024
生成客戶證書
openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr
簽證：
openssl ca -in client.csr -out client.crt
轉換成pkcs12格式，為用戶端安裝所用
openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.pfx
這一步根安裝伺服器的證書差不多，不同的是簽證，最後安裝的時候，client.pfx的密碼要記住，在用戶端安裝的時候要用到的。
[root@BlackGhost ssl]# openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.pfx
Enter pass phrase for client.key:
Enter Export Password:
Verifying - Enter Export Password:
用戶端和伺服器端都可以使用伺服器端證書，是以這一步不做也行。
6，集中是以證書和私私鑰到一起
#cp demoCA/cacert.pem cacert.pem
同時複制一份證書，更名為ca.crt
#cp cacert.pem ca.crt
7，apache配置
vi /usr/local/apache/conf/extra/ssl.conf
ssl開啟
SSLEngine on
指定伺服器證書位置
SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl/server.crt
指定伺服器證書key位置
SSLCertificateKeyFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl/server.key
證書目錄
SSLCACertificatePath /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl
根證書位置
SSLCACertificateFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl/cacert.pem
要求客戶擁有證書
SSLVerifyClient require
SSLVerifyDepth 1
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
記錄log
CustomLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/ssl_request_log" \
"%t %h %{SSL_PROTOCOL}x %{SSL_CIPHER}x \"%r\" %b"
vi /usr/local/apache/conf/extra/httpd_vhosts.conf
listen 443 https
NameVirtualHost *:443
<VirtualHost _default_:443>
DocumentRoot "/home/zhangy/www/metbee/trunk/src/web"
ServerName *:443
ErrorLog "/home/zhangy/apache/www.metbee.com-error.log"
CustomLog "/home/zhangy/apache/www.metbee.com-access.log" common
Include conf/extra/ssl.conf
</VirtualHost>
vi /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf把Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf前面的注釋去掉
啟動 /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl -D SSL -k start
Server *:10000 (RSA)
Enter pass phrase:輸入的是server的密鑰
OK: Pass Phrase Dialog successful.
8,安裝用戶端證書
把ca.crt和client.pfx copy到用戶端，輕按兩下client.pfx就會進入證書的安裝向導，下一步就行了，中間會讓你輸入密碼
四，安裝所遇到的問題
1，生成的密碼很多，一會讓輸入密碼，會忘得，并且主證書的密碼和下面的證書的密碼不能重得，會報錯的，是以要搞個文本記下來。
2，更新openssl引發的問題
httpd: Syntax error on line 56 of /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf: Cannot load /usr/local/apache/modules/libphp5.so into server: libssl.so.0.9.8: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
httpd: Syntax error on line 56 of /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf: Cannot load /usr/local/apache/modules/libphp5.so into server: libcrypto.so.0.9.8: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
用ln -s來建立軟連結，就可以了。不過這種方法不是萬能的，比如我把libpng從1.2升到1.4，libjpeg從7.0升到8.0結果是系統差點崩掉，用軟連結不管用，我把他們弄掉，從網上下的低版本重裝。
3，證書的國家名稱，省名要相同不然生成空證書，
The countryName field needed to be the same in the
CA certificate (cn) and the request (sh)
4，提示CommonName時，要添寫全域名，會提示警告
RSA server certificate CommonName (CN) `cn' does NOT match server name!?
5，相同的證書不能生成二次，名字不一樣也不行，也就是說server.cst和client.csr資訊不能完相同，不然會報
failed to update database
TXT_DB error number 2
6，頁面浏覽時，會看到提示，你的證書是不可信的，是因為我配置的不對，還是自己建的證書就是不要信的呢？
7，當我加了SSLVerifyClient require SSLVerifyDepth 1 這二個配置時，在windows下面，要你輸入證書後，就可以看到頁面了，但在用firefox就是不行呢？看下面的ssl_request_log日志，192.168.18.3是用windows的IE浏覽器
[09/Aug/2010:22:02:21 +0800] 127.0.0.1 TLSv1 DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA "GET /robots.txt HTTP/1.1" 208
[09/Aug/2010:22:02:55 +0800] 192.168.18.3 TLSv1 RC4-MD5 "GET / HTTP/1.1" 1505
<a href="http://blog.51yip.com/apachenginx/958.html#">1</a>
作者:海底蒼鷹
如何聯系我：【萬裡虎】www.bravetiger.cn
【QQ】3396726884 （咨詢問題100元起，幫助解決問題500元起）
【部落格】http://www.cnblogs.com/kenshinobiy/
![搭建httpd服務[圖]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)