1、隐藏nginx版本号
隐藏前:
$ curl -I localhost
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.6.3
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2015 15:31:44 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 18
Last-Modified: Wed, 07 Oct 2015 07:00:17 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "5614c301-12"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
http {
server_tokens off; #在http标簽内最前面加入"server_tokens off;"後儲存退出
include mime.types;
/application/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload #平滑重新開機nginx服務
隐藏後:
Server: nginx
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2015 15:44:53 GMT
2、隐藏apache版本号
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2015 15:57:01 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.16 (Unix) PHP/5.6.12
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.6.12
Content-Type: text/html; charset=gb2312
2.1、打開httpd-default.conf子產品
修改httpd.conf配置檔案的476行,打開httpd-default.conf子產品
$ vi /application/apache/conf/httpd.conf
476 # Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
修改為:476 Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf #取消前面的#注釋
2.2、修改httpd-default.conf檔案
$ vi /application/apache/conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
在64行之後插入"ServerTokens Prod"
64 #
65 ServerTokens Prod #64行之後插入"ServerTokens Prod"
66 ServerSignature Off
$ /application/apache/bin/apachectl graceful #平滑重新開機apache服務
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2015 15:58:43 GMT
Server: Apache
3、更改掉nginx的預設使用者及使用者組nobody
$ useradd nginx -s /sbin/nologin -M #添加普通使用者nginx,并且禁止它登入系統
更改預設使用者的方法有兩種:
第一種為:
$ grep "user" nginx.conf
user nginx nginx;
第二種為:
$ ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/application/nginx-1.6.3 --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
$ ps -ef|grep nginx
root 25404 1 0 Oct16 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /application/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx 26092 25404 0 Oct16 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
4、優化-根據硬體調整nginx子程序數
$ grep "worker_processes" nginx.conf
worker_processes 1; #worker_processes參數的設定可以等于cpu的個數或核數,程序數多一些,起始提供服務時就不會臨時啟動新程序提供服務,減少了系統開銷,提升了服務速度。
檢視linux伺服器的CPU核數:
$ grep "physical id" /proc/cpuinfo
physical id : 0
$ vi nginx.conf
worker_processes 4; #由預設的1調整為4
$ /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
$ ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep
nginx 26185 25404 0 00:53 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 26186 25404 0 00:53 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 26187 25404 0 00:53 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 26188 25404 0 00:53 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
5、根據cpu核數優化cpu資源配置設定給不同的nginx程序
輸入top後按1,檢視cpu核數
$ grep "worker_cpu_affinity" nginx.conf
worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000;
#worker_cpu_affinity就是配置nginx程序CPU親和力的參數,即把不同的程序分給不同的CPU處理。這裡0001 0010 0100 1000是掩碼,分别代表1、2、3、4核CPU,由于worker_processes程序數為4,是以上述配置會把每個程序配置設定一核CPU處理,預設情況下程序不會綁定任何CPU,參數位置為main段。
6、優化nginx事件處理模型-連接配接數-打開檔案配置實戰
6.1、nginx事件處理模型
grep events nginx.conf -A 2
在events {
worker_connections 1024;
use epoll; #加入事件處理模型epoll
multi_accept on; #在nginx獲得有關新連接配接的通知後,嘗試接受()盡可能多的連接配接
}
6.2、調整單個程序允許的用戶端最大連接配接數
events {
worker_connections 10240; #修改單個程序允許的用戶端最大連接配接數10240-20480
use epoll;
multi_accept on;
6.3、配置每個程序的最大檔案打開數
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
7、優化伺服器名字的hash表大小
如果定義了大量名字,或者定義了非常長的名字,那就需要在http配置子產品中調整server_names_hash_max_size,預設512kb,一般是cpu L1的4-5倍,server_names_hash_bucket_size的預設值可能是32,或者是64,或者是其他值,取決于CPU的緩存行的長度。如果這個值是32,那麼定義“too.long.server.name.nginx.org”作為虛拟機主機名就會失敗,顯示如下錯誤資訊:
could not build the server_names_hash,
you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size;32
出現這種情況,那就需要設定值擴大:
http{
server_names_hash_max_size 512;
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
8、開啟高效檔案傳輸模式
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
#設定連接配接逾時時間,php服務建議短連結,JAVA服務建議長連接配接
keepalive_timeout 60;
tcp_nodelay on;
client_header_timeout 15;
client_body_timeout 15;
send_timeout 15;
#上傳檔案大小控制:
client_max_body_size 10m;
9、fastcgi調優(配合php引擎動态服務)
fastcgi_cache_path /tmp/fcgi_cache levels=2:2 keys_zone=fcgi_cache:512m inactive=1d max_size=40g;
fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
fastcgi_cache fcgi_cache;
fastcgi_cache_valid 200 302 1h;
fastcgi_cache_valid 301 1d;
fastcgi_cache_valid any 1m;
fastcgi_cache_min_uses 1;
10、配置nginx gzip壓縮功能
要壓縮的内容:所有程式(大于1K的純文字檔案:js,css,html,xml,shtml)
不要壓縮的内容:圖檔,視訊,flash
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 32k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 9;
gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
gzip_vary on;
以上内容放在http标簽裡
火狐浏覽器安裝firebug,yslow兩個元件用來測試nginx的gzip是否配置成功
apache壓縮功能實戰:
a.開啟子產品:
LoadModule deflate_module modules/mod_deflate.so
LoadModule headers_module modules/mod_headers.so
b.httpd.conf中增加
<ifmodule deflate_module>
DeflateCompressionLevel 9
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml \
application/json application/xml AddOutputFilter DEFLATE js css AddOutputFilter INCLUDES .shtml .htm .xml .php .html </ifmodule> c.重新開機伺服器
11、配置nginx expires緩存功能
location ~ .*\.(png|js|css|jpg|gif|xml|svg|ico|html)$ { #由nginx處理靜态頁面
root html/ROOT;
expires 30d; #使用expires緩存子產品,緩存到用戶端30天
配置apache expires緩存功能:
Apache要設定檔案緩存時間,要依靠一個叫mod_expires的子產品,但是,我們的機器上,原本是沒有安裝這個子產品的,幸運的是,apache安裝這個子產品很簡單,首先找到源代碼。
比如我們的是2.2.22的版本
cd httpd_2.2.22/modules/metadata
sudo /usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs -c -i -a mod_expires.c
這樣就完成了mod_expores子產品的安裝,下面需要修改一下配置檔案
sudo vim httpd.conf
在裡面加入如下語句
#啟用expires_module子產品
LoadModule expires_module modules/mod_expires.so
<ifModule mod_expires.c>
ExpiresActive On
#現在隻控制swf檔案的緩存期為3天
ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 3 days"
</ifModule>
然後重新開機apache
sudo ./apachectl restart
mod_expirse這個子產品,可以配置如下參數:
ExpiresActive on|off #這個選項表示是否啟用有效期控制
ExpiresDefault <code><seconds> #用于設定預設的時間
ExpiresByType type/encoding <code><seconds> #用于對某一種類型的檔案進行控制
有以下幾種寫法(都表示有效期為1個月):
ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresDefault M2592000
設定方法:
1.在apache配置檔案httpd.conf中找到
#LoadModule expires_module modules/mod_expires.so 去掉#即可
2.添加配置資訊:
ExpiresActive on #緩存十天
ExpiresBytype text/css "access plus 10 days
ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access plus 10 days "
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 10 days "
Expiresbytype image/gif "access plus 10 days "
其他設定類似:
LoadModule expires_module modules/mod_expires.so # 啟用expires_module子產品
ExpiresActive On # 啟用有效期控制
ExpiresByType image/gif A2592000 # GIF有效期為1個月
ExpiresByType text/html M604800 # HTML文檔的有效期是最後修改時刻後的一星期
#以下的含義類似
ExpiresByType text/css "now plus 2 months"
ExpiresByType text/js "now plus 2 days"
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 2 months"
ExpiresByType image/bmp "access plus 2 months"
ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 2 months"
ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 2 months"
3.重新開機apache即可。
12、nginx防爬蟲實戰及user_agent原理實戰
#全局配置
limit_req_zone $anti_spider zone=anti_spider:10m rate=15r/m;
#某個server中
limit_req zone=anti_spider burst=30 nodelay;
if ($http_user_agent ~* "xxspider|xxbot") {
set $anti_spider $http_user_agent;
超過設定的限定頻率,就會給spider一個503。
上述配置詳細解釋請自行google下,具體的spider/bot名稱請自定義。
nginx中禁止屏蔽網絡爬蟲:
代碼如下:
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.xxx.com;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
#location / {
{
return 403;
13、nginx日志相關優化與安全
Nginx日志切割腳本:
#!/bin/sh
#nginx_logs-cut,2015-09-28,linuxzkq
logs_path=/application/nginx/logs
/bin/mv ${logs_path}/access.log ${logspath}/access$(date +%F -d -1day).log
/application/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
不記錄不需要的通路日志:
對于健康檢查或某些圖檔,js,css的日志,一般不需要記錄。
location ~ .*.(png|jpg|gif|ico)$ { #由nginx處理靜态頁面
access_log off;
apache忽略圖檔通路日志的記錄:
<FilesMatch ".(bmp|gif|jpg|swf)">
SetEnv IMAG 1
</FilesMatch>
CustomLog /var/wwwlogs/b.test.com.log combined env=!IMAG
由于負載均衡的健康檢查會造成apache的通路日志被大量寫入,使得通路量無法統計,使用下面的方法可以讓apache不再記錄負載均衡的健康檢查日志。
配置(checkstatus.html):
SetEnvIfRequest_URI "^/checkstatus.html" dontlog
ErrorLog logs/error_log
LogLevel warn
CustomLog"logs/access_log" combined env=!dontlog
Nginx通路日志的權限設定
chown -R www.www /app/logs
chmod -R 700 /app/logs
Nginx與apache目錄及檔案權限設定
為了保證apache與nginx的網站不遭受×××***上傳及修改檔案
1、所有站點目錄的使用者群組都不應該為root;
2、所有目錄權限是755;
3、所有檔案權限是644.
注意:網站服務的使用者不能用root!!!!!
14、nginx站點目錄及檔案URL通路控制
根據擴充名限制程式和檔案通路:
location ~ ^/images/..(php|php5)$
deny all;
location ~ ^/static/..(php|php5|sh|pl|py)$
location ~ ^/static/(attachment|avatar)/..(php|php5|sh|bat)$
Nginx限制來源ip通路指定網站目錄:
location ~ ^/oldboy/{
deny 192.168.1.1;
allow 202.111.12.211;
allow 10.1.1.0/16;
allow 192.168.1.0/24;
Nginx限制使用網站IP通路網站:
法一、#禁止IP通路
server {
listen 80 default_server;
servername ;
法二、也可以把這些流量收集起來,導入到自己的網站,隻要做以下跳轉設定就可以:
listen 80 default_server;
rewrite ^(.*) http://www.mydomain.com permanent;
15、http狀态碼講解及錯誤頁面優化
http狀态碼講解
生産環境常見的HTTP狀态碼清單(List of HTTP status codes)為:
說明:求精不求多,有舍才有得 不一樣的思維不一樣的精彩。
200 - OK,伺服器成功傳回網頁
Standard response for successful HTTP requests.
301 - Moved Permanently(永久跳轉),請求的網頁已永久跳轉到新位置。
This and all future requests should be directed to the given.
403 - Forbidden(禁止通路),伺服器拒絕請求
forbidden request (matches a deny filter) => HTTP 403
The request was a legal request, but the server is refusing to respond to it.
404 - Not Found,伺服器找不到請求的頁面。
The requested resource could not be found but may be available again in the future.
500 - Internal Server Error(内部伺服器錯誤),一般是配置錯誤
internal error in haproxy => HTTP 500
A generic error message, given when no more specific message is suitable.
502 - Bad Gateway(壞的網關),一般是網關伺服器請求後端服務時,後端服務沒有按照http協定正确傳回結果。
the server returned an invalid or incomplete response => HTTP 502
The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and received an invalid response from the upstream server.
503 - Service Unavailable(服務目前不可用),可能因為超載或停機維護。
no server was available to handle the request => HTTP 503
The server is currently unavailable (because it is overloaded or down for maintenance).
504 - Gateway Timeout(網關逾時),一般是網關伺服器請求後端服務時,後端服務沒有在特定的時間内完成服務。
the server failed to reply in time => HTTP 504
The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did not receive a timely response from the upstream server.
16、tmp目錄使用記憶體檔案系統作為nginx的proxy_cache
介紹
/dev/shm/是一個使用tmpfs檔案系統的裝置,其實就是一個特殊的檔案系統。redhat中預設大小為實體記憶體的一半,使用時不用mkfs格式化。
tmpfs是一種基于記憶體的檔案系統,它和虛拟磁盤ramdisk比較類似,但不完全相同,和ramdisk一樣,tmpfs可以使用RAM,但它也可以使用swap分區來存儲。而且傳統的ramdisk是個塊裝置,要用mkfs來格式化它,才能真正地使用它;而tmpfs是一個檔案系統,并不是塊裝置,隻是安裝它,就可以使用了。tmpfs是最好的基于RAM的檔案系統。
tmpfs是Linux/Unix系統上的一種基于記憶體的虛拟檔案系統。tmpfs可以使用您的記憶體或swap分區來存儲檔案(即它的存儲空間在virtual memory 中, VM由real memory和swap組成)。由此可見,tmpfs主要存儲暫存的檔案。它有如下2個優勢 :
動态檔案系統的大小。
tmpfs 使用VM建的檔案系統,速度當然快。
重新開機後資料丢失。
當删除tmpfs中的檔案時,tmpfs會動态減少檔案系統并釋放VM資源,LINUX中可以把一些程式的臨時檔案放置在tmpfs中,利用tmpfs比硬碟速度快的特點提升系統性能。實際應用中,為應用的特定需求設定此檔案系統,可以提升應用讀寫性能,如将squid 緩存目錄放在/tmp, php session 檔案放在/tmp, socket檔案放在/tmp, 或者使用/tmp作為其它應用的緩存裝置
臨時修改/dev/shm大小:
#mount -o size=1500M -o nr_inodes=1000000 -o noatime,nodiratime -o remount /dev/shm
mount -t tmpfs -o size=20m tmpfs /tmp 臨時挂載使用
開機啟用的配置:
可以在/etc/fstab 中定義其大小
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs,defaults,size=512m 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,size=25M 0 0
修改後執行mount -o remoount /dev/shm 後生效
mkdir /dev/shm/tmp (/dev/shm/ 下建立的目錄與/tmp綁定, 則/tmp 即使用tmpfs檔案系統)
chmod 1777 /dev/shm/tmp
mount --bind /dev/shm/tmp /tmp
17、禁止資源目錄解析php程式
nginx下禁止目錄執行php的方法則簡單許多,允許設定多個目錄
location ~ ^/(attachments|images)/..(php|php5|PHP|PHP5)$
{
deny all;
}
當web目錄不是根目錄,或者有多個目錄的時候可以是
location ~ ^(/discuz/|/bbs/)/(attachments|images)/..(php|php5|PHP|PHP5)$
Apache下禁止目錄執行php的方法:
<Directory /webroot/attachments>
php_flag engine off
</Directory>
lighthttpd下禁止目錄執行php的方法:
$HTTP["url"] =~ "^/(forumdata|templates|upload|images)/" {
fastcgi.server = ()
18、Nginx的proxy
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
client_max_body_size 50m; #Nginx上傳檔案大小限制(動态應用)
client_body_buffer_size 256k;
proxy_connect_timeout 30;
proxy_send_timeout 30;
proxy_read_timeout 60;
proxy_buffer_size 4k;
proxy_buffers 4 32k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 64k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
proxy_store on;
proxy_store_access user:rw group:rw all:r;
#proxy_temp_path /dev/shm/nginx_proxy;
#proxy_temp_path /data2/nginx_cache;
19、Web服務資源防盜鍊實戰
web服務資源防盜鍊解決辦法:
1.圖檔,視訊上打水印,品牌
2.防火牆控制,根據IP控制
3.防盜鍊(根據referer機制)
apache防盜鍊實戰:
Apache 防盜鍊的第一種實作方法,可以用 Rewrite 實作。首先要确認 Apache 的 rewrite module 可用:能夠控制 Apache httpd.conf 檔案的,打開 httpd.conf,確定有這麼一行配置:
LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
然後在相應虛拟主機配置的地方,加入下列代碼:
ServerName www.php100.com
# 防盜鍊配置 參數
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://php100.com/.$ [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://php100.com$ [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://www.php100.com/.$ [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://www.php100.com$ [NC]
RewriteRule .*.(gif|jpg|swf)$ http://www.php100.com/img/nolink.jpg [R,NC]
1. php100.com/www.php100.com 表示自己的信任站點。gif|jpg|swf 表示要保護檔案的擴充名(以|分開)。nolink.jpg盜鍊後的重定向頁面/圖檔。用以輸出警示資訊,這張圖檔應該盡可能的小。
gif|jpg|swf 表示要保護的防止被盜連的檔案的擴充名(以|分開)
nolink.jpg 為上述擴充名的資源被盜鍊後的重定向頁面/圖檔,用以輸出警示資訊,這張圖檔應該盡可能的小。
有些使用者使用的是虛拟主機,沒有伺服器的控制權,無法修改 httpd.conf 檔案和重新開機伺服器。那麼請确認你的虛拟主機支援 .htaccess,将上面的配置寫入 .htaccess 檔案,放入根目錄或圖檔所在的目錄即可:
# 防盜鍊配置
Nginx防盜鍊實戰:
如果您使用的是預設站點,也就是說,您的站點可以直接輸入伺服器IP通路的,使用root登入,修改 /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 這個配置檔案。
如果您建立了站點,那麼修改/usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/你的域名.conf 這個配置檔案,找到:
location ~ .*.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
expires 30d;
把這一段删掉,修改成:
location ~ .(gif|jpg|png|jpeg)$ {
expires 30d;
valid_referers none blocked .hugao8.com www.hugao8.com m.hugao8.com .baidu.com .google.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
rewrite ^/ http://ww4.sinaimg.cn/bmiddle/051bbed1gw1egjc4xl7srj20cm08aaa6.jpg;
#return 404;
第一行: location ~ .*.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
其中“gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf”設定防盜鍊檔案類型,自行修改,每個字尾用“|”符号分開!
第三行:valid_referers none blocked *.it300.com it300.com;
就是白名單,允許檔案鍊出的域名白名單,自行修改成您的域名!*.it300.com這個指的是子域名,域名與域名之間使用空格隔開!
第五行:rewrite ^/ http://www.it300.com/static/images/404.jpg;
這個圖檔是盜鍊傳回的圖檔,也就是替換盜鍊網站所有盜鍊的圖檔。這個圖檔要放在沒有設定防盜鍊的網站上,因為防盜鍊的作用,這個圖檔如果也放在防盜鍊網站上就會被當作防盜鍊顯示不出來了,盜鍊者的網站所盜鍊圖檔會顯示X符号。
這樣設定差不多就可以起到防盜鍊作用了,上面說了,這樣并不是徹底地實作真正意義上的防盜鍊!
我們來看第三行:valid_referers none blocked *.it300.com it300.com;
valid_referers 裡多了“none blocked”
我們把“none blocked”删掉,改成
valid_referers *.it300.com it300.com;
nginx徹底地實作真正意義上的防盜鍊完整的代碼應該是這樣的:
valid_referers .hugao8.com www.hugao8.com m.hugao8.com .baidu.com .google.com;
rewrite ^/ http://ww4.sinaimg.cn/bmiddle/051bbed1gw1egjc4xl7srj20cm08aaa6.jpg;
這樣您在浏覽器直接輸入圖檔位址就不會再顯示圖檔出來了,也不可能會再右鍵另存什麼的。
這個是給圖檔防盜鍊設定的防盜鍊傳回圖檔,如果我們是檔案需要防盜鍊下載下傳,把第五行:
rewrite ^/ http://www.it300.com/static/images/404.jpg;
改成一個連結,可以是您主站的連結,比如把第五行改成:
rewrite ^/ http://www.it300.com;
這樣,當别人輸入檔案下載下傳位址,由于防盜鍊下載下傳的作用就會跳轉到您設定的這個連結!
最後,配置檔案設定完成别忘記重新開機nginx生效!
20、Nginx僞靜态的配置解決方案實戰
Nginx Web Server:
rewrite ^([^.])/topic-(.+).html$ $1/portal.php?mod=topic&topic=$2 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/article-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/portal.php?mod=view&aid=$2&page=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/forum-(\w+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=$2&extra=page%3D$4&page=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/group-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=group&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/space-(username|uid)-(.+).html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&$2=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/blog-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&uid=$2&do=blog&id=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/(fid|tid)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/index.php?action=$2&value=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.])/([a-z]+[a-z0-9_])-([a-z0-9_-]+).html$ $1/plugin.php?id=$2:$3 last;
if (! -e $request_filename) {
return 404;
DISCUZ僞靜态及防盜鍊案例:
listen 80;
servername bbs.etiantian.org;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
root /application/data/bbs;
rewrite ^([^.])/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=$2&extra=page%3
D$4&page=$3 last;
rewrite ^([^.]*)/([a-z]+[a-z0-9])-([a-z0-9_-]+).html$ $1/plugin.php?id=$2:$3 last;
valid_referers bbs.etiantian.org;
#return 403;
rewrite ^/ http://bbs.etiantian.org/daolian.html;
location ~* .(php|php5)$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
21、Nginx優化之針對錯誤頁面進行優雅顯示
error_page 403 /403.html;
error_page 404 /404.html;
error_page 400 http://oldboy.blog.51cto.com;
#error_page 404 /404.html;
#redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
22、Nginx優化之控制單IP并發連接配接與連接配接速率控制防DOS
1、http {
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=addr:10m;
...
location /download/ {
limit_conn addr 1;
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=perip:10m;
limit_conn_zone $server_name zone=perserver:10m;
limit_conn perip 10;
limit_conn perserver 100;
2、http {
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=1r/s;
location /search/ {
limit_req zone=one burst=5;
23、Nginx優化之磁盤挂載優化以及Linux核心優化
磁盤挂載優化:
LABEL=/nginx /nginx ext3 defaults,nosuid,noexec,nodev 1
完整的Linux核心優化配置:
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 6000
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144
net.core.somaxconn = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 30
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
24、Nginx優化-為特殊Web服務增加使用者身份驗證
$ htpasswd -cb /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd oldboy 123456
Adding password for user oldboy
$ chmod 400 /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd
server_name localhost;
charset utf8;
location / {
root /application/data/phpMyAdmin;
auth_basic "oldboy training";
auth_basic_user_file /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd;
location ~ .(php|php5)?$ {
root /application/data/phpMyAdmin;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
25、讓Nginx服務以及Nginx站點運作于監牢模式下
架構師提供的解決方案
使用普通使用者啟動Nginx(監牢模式):
1.給nginx服務降級,使用ynca使用者跑服務,站點也是ynca權限,給開發設定普通賬号和ynca同組。
2.開發重新開機nginx,管理站點程式,檢視日志。項目負責制:責任你來負責。
參考資料:http://down.51cto.com/data/844517
[root@LNMP-07 conf]# useradd ynca
[root@LNMP-07 conf]# ll /home
total 8
drwx------ 2 ynca ynca 4096 Oct 27 00:54 ynca
[root@LNMP-07 conf]# mkdir /home/ynca/www
[root@LNMP-07 conf]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -h
nginx version: nginx/1.8.0
Usage: nginx [-?hvVtq] [-s signal] [-c filename] [-p prefix] [-g directives]
Options:
-?,-h : this help
-v : show version and exit
-V : show version and configure options then exit
-t : test configuration and exit
-q : suppress non-error messages during configuration testing
-s signal : send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen, reload
-p prefix : set prefix path (default: /application/nginx-1.8.0/)
-c filename : set configuration file (default: conf/nginx.conf)
-g directives : set global directives out of configuration file
[root@LNMP-07 conf]# cp nginx.conf /home/ynca/
[root@LNMP-07 conf]# cd /home/ynca/
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# ll
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5439 Oct 27 01:15 nginx.conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 27 00:55 www
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# mkdir conf
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# mv nginx.conf conf/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 27 01:16 conf
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# pwd
/home/ynca
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# mkdir log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 27 01:17 log
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# chown -R ynca.ynca
drwxr-xr-x 2 ynca ynca 4096 Oct 27 01:16 conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 ynca ynca 4096 Oct 27 01:17 log
drwxr-xr-x 2 ynca ynca 4096 Oct 27 00:55 www
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# killall nginx
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# lsof -i:80
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf
nginx: [emerg] open() "/home/ynca/conf/mime.types" failed (2: No such file or directory) in /home/ynca/conf/nginx.
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# ln -s /application/nginx/conf/mime.types /home/ynca/conf/mime.types
nginx: [emerg] open() "/home/ynca/conf/fastcgi_params" failed (2: No such file or directory) in /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf:71
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# ln -s /application/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params /home/ynca/conf/fastcgi_params
nginx: [emerg] unexpected end of file, expecting "}" in /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf:75 #配置檔案上面少一個大括号
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep
root 1548 1 0 01:39 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf
ynca 1549 1548 0 01:39 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@LNMP-07 conf]# su - ynca
[ynca@LNMP-07 ~]$ /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf
nginx: [alert] could not open error log file: open() "/application/nginx-1.8.0/logs/error.log" failed (13: Permission denied)
2015/10/27 01:51:29 [warn] 1637#0: the "user" directive makes sense only if the master process runs with super-user privileges, ignored in /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf:2
2015/10/27 01:51:29 [emerg] 1637#0: open() "/home/ynca/log/access_log" failed (13: Permission denied)
[ynca@LNMP-07 ~]$ ll
drwxr-xr-x 2 ynca ynca 4096 Oct 27 01:47 conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 ynca ynca 4096 Oct 27 01:39 log
2015/10/27 02:00:32 [warn] 1729#0: the "user" directive makes sense only if the master process runs with super-user privileges, ignored in /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf:2
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (13: Permission denied)
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# cd /application/nginx/logs
[root@LNMP-07 logs]# ls
access.log access_2015-10-12.log
access_2015-09-27.log access_2015-10-16.log
access_2015-09-28.log access_2015-10-17.log
access_2015-09-29.log access_2015-10-19.log
access_2015-09-30.log access_2015-10-21.log
access_2015-10-02.log access_2015-10-23.log
access_2015-10-05.log access_2015-10-26.log
access_2015-10-06.log error.log
access_2015-10-09.log
[root@LNMP-07 logs]# chown -R ynca.ynca error.log
nginx: [warn] the "user" directive makes sense only if the master process runs with super-user privileges, ignored in /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf:2
nginx: [emerg] open() "/application/nginx-1.8.0/logs/nginx.pid" failed (13: Permission denied)
[root@LNMP-07 ynca]# vi conf/nginx.conf
user ynca ynca;
worker_processes 1;
error_log /home/ynca/log/error_log;
pid /home/ynca/log/nginx.pid;
[ynca@LNMP-07 ~]$ lsof -i:80
[ynca@LNMP-07 ~]$ ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep
ynca 1765 1 0 02:14 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf
ynca 1766 1765 0 02:14 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[ynca@LNMP-07 ~]$ grep -Ev "#|^$" conf/nginx.conf
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
server_tokens off;
[ynca@LNMP-07 www]$ curl -i localhost:8080
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 18:27:25 GMT
Content-Length: 23
Last-Modified: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 18:24:43 GMT
ETag: "562e6feb-17"
監牢模式_linuxzkq
[ynca@LNMP-07 www]$ killall nginx
[ynca@LNMP-07 www]$ ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep
[ynca@LNMP-07 www]$ /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf
[ynca@LNMP-07 www]$ /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf &>/dev/null
ynca 1797 1 0 02:29 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/ynca/conf/nginx.conf
ynca 1798 1797 0 02:29 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
26、php引擎php.ini參數優化實戰
無論是apache還是nginx,php.ini都是适合的;而php-fpm.conf适合nginx+fcgi的配置。
php.ini配置檔案:
[PHP]
engine = On
short_open_tag = Off
asp_tags = Off
precision = 14
output_buffering = 4096
zlib.output_compression = Off
implicit_flush = Off
unserialize_callback_func =
serialize_precision = 17
disable_functions = #關閉危險函數,在等号後面寫上要禁用的危險函數
disable_classes =
zend.enable_gc = On
expose_php = On #關閉php版本資訊,修改為Off。
max_execution_time = 30 #設定每個腳本運作的最長時間
max_input_time = 60 #每個腳本等待輸入資料的最長時間
memory_limit = 128M #設定每個腳本使用的最大記憶體
error_reporting = E_ALL & ~E_DEPRECATED & ~E_STRICT
display_errors = Off #錯誤資訊控制,建議設定為:Off
display_startup_errors = Off
log_errors = On #錯誤日志,建議打開
error_log = /application/logs/php_errors.log #添加錯誤日志路徑
log_errors_max_len = 1024
ignore_repeated_errors = Off
ignore_repeated_source = Off
report_memleaks = On
track_errors = Off
html_errors = On
variables_order = "GPCS"
request_order = "GP"
register_argc_argv = Off
auto_globals_jit = On
post_max_size = 8M
auto_prepend_file =
auto_append_file =
default_mimetype = "text/html"
default_charset = "UTF-8"
doc_root =
user_dir =
extension_dir = "/application/php5.6.12/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-zts-20131226/"
enable_dl = Off
file_uploads = On
upload_max_filesize = 2M #上傳檔案的最大許可大小
max_file_uploads = 20
allow_url_fopen = On #禁止打開遠端位址,建議設定為Off
allow_url_include = Off
default_socket_timeout = 60
cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0 #防止Nginx檔案類型錯誤解析漏洞
session_save_handler = files #php_session資訊存放類型:memcache
session_save_path = "/tmp" #php_session資訊存放位置:tcp://10.0.0.18:11211
[CLI Server]
cli_server.color = On
[Pdo_mysql]
pdo_mysql.cache_size = 2000
pdo_mysql.default_socket=
[Phar]
[mail function]
SMTP = localhost
smtp_port = 25
mail.add_x_header = On
[SQL]
sql.safe_mode = Off # safe_mode = Off #修改為on,啟用安全模式 safe_mode_gid = Off #使用者組安全
[ODBC]
odbc.allow_persistent = On
odbc.check_persistent = On
odbc.max_persistent = -1
odbc.max_links = -1
odbc.defaultlrl = 4096
odbc.defaultbinmode = 1
[Interbase]
ibase.allow_persistent = 1
ibase.max_persistent = -1
ibase.max_links = -1
ibase.timestampformat = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
ibase.dateformat = "%Y-%m-%d"
ibase.timeformat = "%H:%M:%S"
[MySQL]
mysql.allow_local_infile = On
mysql.allow_persistent = On
mysql.cache_size = 2000
mysql.max_persistent = -1
mysql.max_links = -1
mysql.default_port =
mysql.default_socket =
mysql.default_host =
mysql.default_user =
mysql.default_password =
mysql.connect_timeout = 60
mysql.trace_mode = Off
[MySQLi]
mysqli.max_persistent = -1
mysqli.allow_persistent = On
mysqli.max_links = -1
mysqli.cache_size = 2000
mysqli.default_port = 3306
mysqli.default_socket =
mysqli.default_host =
mysqli.default_user =
mysqli.default_pw =
mysqli.reconnect = Off
[mysqlnd]
mysqlnd.collect_statistics = On
mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics = Off
[PostgreSQL]
pgsql.allow_persistent = On
pgsql.auto_reset_persistent = Off
pgsql.max_persistent = -1
pgsql.max_links = -1
pgsql.ignore_notice = 0
pgsql.log_notice = 0
[Sybase-CT]
sybct.allow_persistent = On
sybct.max_persistent = -1
sybct.max_links = -1
sybct.min_server_severity = 10
sybct.min_client_severity = 10
[bcmath]
bcmath.scale = 0
[Session]
session.save_handler = files
session.use_strict_mode = 0
session.use_cookies = 1
session.use_only_cookies = 1
session.name = PHPSESSID
session.auto_start = 0
session.cookie_lifetime = 0
session.cookie_path = /
session.cookie_domain =
session.cookie_httponly =
session.serialize_handler = php
session.gc_probability = 1
session.gc_divisor = 1000
session.gc_maxlifetime = 1440
session.referer_check =
session.cache_limiter = nocache
session.cache_expire = 180
session.use_trans_sid = 0
session.hash_function = 0
session.hash_bits_per_character = 5
url_rewriter.tags = "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry"
[Tidy]
tidy.clean_output = Off
[soap]
soap.wsdl_cache_enabled=1
soap.wsdl_cache_dir="/tmp"
soap.wsdl_cache_ttl=86400
soap.wsdl_cache_limit = 5
[ldap]
ldap.max_links = -1
[opcache]
extension = imagick.so
extension = memcache.so
zend_extension = opcache.so
extension = pdo_mysql.so
[xcache-common]
extension = xcache.so
[xcache.admin]
xcache.admin.enable_auth = On
xcache.admin.user = "mOo"
xcache.admin.pass = "md5 encrypted password"
[xcache]
xcache.shm_scheme = "mmap"
xcache.size = 128M
xcache.count = 2
xcache.slots = 8K
xcache.ttl = 86400
xcache.gc_interval = 3600
xcache.var_size = 4M
xcache.var_count = 1
xcache.var_slots = 8K
xcache.var_ttl = 0
xcache.var_maxttl = 0
xcache.var_gc_interval = 300
xcache.var_namespace_mode = 0
xcache.var_namespace = ""
xcache.readonly_protection = Off
xcache.mmap_path = "/dev/zero"
xcache.coredump_directory = ""
xcache.coredump_type = 0
xcache.disable_on_crash = Off
xcache.experimental = Off
xcache.cacher = On
xcache.stat = On
xcache.optimizer = Off
[xcache.coverager]
xcache.coverager = Off
xcache.coverager_autostart = On
xcache.coveragedump_directory = ""
register_globals = Off #關閉注冊全局變量,建議設定為Off
magic_quotes_gpc = Off #打開此選項,防止SQL注入,修改為:On
FastCGI優化(php-fpm):
CGI全稱是“公共網關接口”(Common Gateway Interface),HTTP伺服器與你的或其它機器上的程式進行“交談”的一種工具,其程式一般運作在網絡伺服器上。 CGI可以用任何一種語言編寫,隻要這種語言具有标準輸入、輸出和環境變量。如php,perl,tcl等。
php-fpm.conf參數優化實戰(基于php-5.3.27優化):
25 ;pid = run/php-fpm.pid #pid = /app/logs/php-fpm.pid
32 ;error_log = log/php-fpm.log #error_log = /app/logs/php-fpm.log
50 ;log_level = notice #log_level = error
108 ;events.mechanism = epoll #events.mechanism = epoll
175 ;listen.owner = nginx #listen.owner = nginx
176 ;listen.group = nginx #listen.group = nginx
235 pm.max_children = 5 #建議修改為:1024
240 pm.start_servers = 2 #建議修改為:16
245 pm.min_spare_servers = 1 #建議修改為:5
250 pm.max_spare_servers = 3 #建議修改為:20
255 ;pm.process_idle_timeout = 10s; #建議修改為:pm.process_idle_timeout = 15s
261 ;pm.max_requests = 500 #建議修改為:pm.max_requests = 2048
441 ;slowlog = log/$pool.log.slow #取消注釋"分号",slowlog = /app/logs/$pool.log.slow
447 ;request_slowlog_timeout = 0 #修改為request_slowlog_timeout = 10
458 ;rlimit_files = 1024 #修改為rlimit_files = 32768