HDC在MSDN中的全稱為:The handle of device context。通常,我們都是用來做相應的顯示操作。
熟悉WIN32的朋友對于其應該不會陌生,經常采用GetDC,GetWindowDC等等來擷取其句柄。而用得最多的,可能就是BeginPaint,如:
case WM_PAINT:
HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd,&ps);
...
EndPaint(hdc,&ps);
break;
case WM_PAINT: HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd,&ps); ... EndPaint(hdc,&ps); break;
使用起來非常簡單,但如果想将其内容儲存為普通的圖像文檔,可就沒那麼容易。确切地說,在隻知道HDC句柄的情況下,我們是無法儲存其内容的;但我們可以劍走偏鋒,将HDC的内容寫到一個緩存中,然後我們再儲存該緩存的内容即可。
聽起來很簡單,卻又像很複雜,不是麼?沒關系,我們現在一步一步來。
首先,我們需要一個HDC的句柄。如同前面所說,你可以有多種方法,比如GetDC,GetWindowDC,甚至是CreateDC。反正呢,你用什麼方法我不管,我隻要有一個HDC的句柄就好了。
有了HDC的句柄,接下來我們所需要做的是,知道這HDC的大小,也就是寬度和長度。這個不難,我們隻要簡單地調用GetDeviceCaps,然後參數給予HORZRES或VERTRES即可:
int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES);
int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);
int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES); int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);
為什麼要知道大小呢?因為我們要用它來建立緩存。而這緩存,說白了,其實就是一個BMP格式的資料結構而已。
為了建立這個關鍵的緩存,我們必須調用CreateDIBSection函數,而該函數形參又用到BITMAPINFOHEADER,是以我們的一切,就先從填充該結構體開始。
該結構體定義如下:
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFO
{
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmiHeader;
RGBQUAD bmiColors[1];
} BITMAPINFO;
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFO { BITMAPINFOHEADER bmiHeader; RGBQUAD bmiColors[1]; } BITMAPINFO;
結構體裡面還有一個BITMAPINFOHEADER,其定義如下:
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER
DWORD biSize;
LONG biWidth;
LONG biHeight;
WORD biPlanes;
WORD biBitCount
DWORD biCompression;
DWORD biSizeImage;
LONG biXPelsPerMeter;
LONG biYPelsPerMeter;
DWORD biClrUsed;
DWORD biClrImportant;
} BITMAPINFOHEADER;
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER { DWORD biSize; LONG biWidth; LONG biHeight; WORD biPlanes; WORD biBitCount DWORD biCompression; DWORD biSizeImage; LONG biXPelsPerMeter; LONG biYPelsPerMeter; DWORD biClrUsed; DWORD biClrImportant; } BITMAPINFOHEADER;
這麼多變量,是不是有點頭暈?大可不必緊張,其實我們隻需要填充其中幾個,其它統統置為0即可:
BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0};
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = iWidth;
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = iHeight;
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;
BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0}; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER); bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = iWidth; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = iHeight; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;
一切從最簡單做起,對于BMP而言,最簡單的自然是24位位圖,這就是為什麼biPlanes和biBitCount分别設定為1和24的原因。
填充完BITMAPINFO結構,我們還是不能馬上調用CreateDIBSection,因為形參中還有一個HDC。雖然我們可以直接采用已知的HDC句柄,但接下來還要将建立的HBITMAP和HDC相連接配接,是以我們還是先建立一個緩存DC:
HDC hdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
一切準備就緒之後,就調用CreateDIBSection吧:
BYTE *pData = NULL;
hBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);
BYTE *pData = NULL; hBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);
pData是配置設定的一個記憶體空間,将來用來存儲HDC的内容,隻不過現在一切都是空的。如果你将這資料儲存出來,你會發現一團漆黑。
将HBITMAP和HDC結合:
hOldObj = SelectObject(hdcMem, hBmp);
至此為止,我們前期工作已經準備就緒,我們隻需要将HDC的内容用BitBlt繪制到緩存中即可:
BitBlt(hdcMem,
0,
iWidth,
iHeight,
hdc,
SRCCOPY);
BitBlt(hdcMem, 0, 0, iWidth, iHeight, hdc, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);
這裡其實還有一個小技巧,如果你是想繪制HDC的某個區域,你隻需要用StretchBlt替代即可:
StretchBlt(hdcMem,
0,
iWidth,
iHeight,
hdc,
rcDC.left,
rcDC.top,
rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1,
rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1,
SRCCOPY);
StretchBlt(hdcMem, 0, 0, iWidth, iHeight, hdc, rcDC.left, rcDC.top, rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1, rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1, SRCCOPY);
喜歡追究問題的你,也許會發現,在調用該函數之後,pData所指向的記憶體緩沖區已經改變。是的,沒錯,這些改變的資料就是我們所需要的。接下來我們所需要做的僅僅是,将這資料按BMP檔案的格式,儲存下來即可。
BMP檔案格式其實很簡單,最開始是檔案頭資訊,然後是圖檔資訊,接下來是資料。我們隻需要按照這格式,順序将資料寫入即可。
檔案頭資訊和圖檔資訊,微軟已經為我們定義好了相應的結構體:
BMP資訊:
檔案頭資訊:
typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER
{
WORD bfType;
DWORD bfSize;
WORD bfReserved1;
WORD bfReserved2;
DWORD bfOffBits;
} BITMAPFILEHEADER;
typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER { WORD bfType; DWORD bfSize; WORD bfReserved1; WORD bfReserved2; DWORD bfOffBits; } BITMAPFILEHEADER;
我們首先填充這兩個結構體數值:
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0};
bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
bmInfoHeader.biWidth = iWidth;
bmInfoHeader.biHeight = iHeight;
bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1;
bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24;
//Bimap file header in order to write bmp file
BITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0};
bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp
bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0}; bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER); bmInfoHeader.biWidth = iWidth; bmInfoHeader.biHeight = iHeight; bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1; bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24; //Bimap file header in order to write bmp file BITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0}; bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER); bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)
接下來的事情,估計大家都輕車熟路了。建立檔案,然後寫入資料,儲存,完畢。
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL);
DWORD dwWrite = 0;
WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL);
CloseHandle(hFile);
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL); DWORD dwWrite = 0; WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL); WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL); WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL); CloseHandle(hFile);
文章的最後,是參考源代碼:
#ifdef UNICODE
#ifndef TSTRING
#define TSTRING std::wstring
#endif
#else
#define TSTRING std::string
#endif
BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg);
BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc);
BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC);
BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg)
{
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0};
bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
bmInfoHeader.biWidth = sizeImg.cx;
bmInfoHeader.biHeight = sizeImg.cy;
bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1;
bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24;
//Bimap file header in order to write bmp file
BITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0};
bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp
bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL);
if(hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
return FALSE;
}
DWORD dwWrite = 0;
WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL);
CloseHandle(hFile);
return TRUE;
}
BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc)
int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES);
int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);
RECT rcDC = {0,0,iWidth,iHeight};
return WriteBmp(strFile,hdc,rcDC);
}
BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC)
BOOL bRes = FALSE;
BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0};
BYTE *pData = NULL;
SIZE sizeImg = {0};
HBITMAP hBmp = NULL;
std::vector<BYTE> vtData;
HGDIOBJ hOldObj = NULL;
HDC hdcMem = NULL;
//Initilaize the bitmap information
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = rcDC.right - rcDC.left;
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top;
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;
bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;
//Create the compatible DC to get the data
hdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
if(hdcMem == NULL)
goto EXIT;
//Get the data from the memory DC
hBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);
if(hBmp == NULL)
hOldObj = SelectObject(hdcMem, hBmp);
//Draw to the memory DC
sizeImg.cx = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth;
sizeImg.cy = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight;
StretchBlt(hdcMem,
0,
sizeImg.cx,
sizeImg.cy,
hdc,
rcDC.left,
rcDC.top,
rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1,
rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1,
SRCCOPY);
vtData.resize(sizeImg.cx * sizeImg.cy * 3);
memcpy(&vtData[0],pData,vtData.size());
bRes = WriteBmp(strFile,vtData,sizeImg);
SelectObject(hdcMem, hOldObj);
EXIT:
if(hBmp != NULL)
DeleteObject(hBmp);
if(hdcMem != NULL)
DeleteDC(hdcMem);
return bRes;
#ifdef UNICODE#ifndef TSTRING#define TSTRING std::wstring#endif#else#ifndef TSTRING#define TSTRING std::string#endif#endifBOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg);BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc);BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC);BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg) { BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0};bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);bmInfoHeader.biWidth = sizeImg.cx;bmInfoHeader.biHeight = sizeImg.cy;bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1;bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24;//Bimap file header in order to write bmp fileBITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0};bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL);if(hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE){return FALSE;}DWORD dwWrite = 0;WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL);CloseHandle(hFile);return TRUE;} BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc){int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES);int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);RECT rcDC = {0,0,iWidth,iHeight};return WriteBmp(strFile,hdc,rcDC);}BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC){BOOL bRes = FALSE;BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0};BYTE *pData = NULL;SIZE sizeImg = {0};HBITMAP hBmp = NULL;std::vector<BYTE> vtData;HGDIOBJ hOldObj = NULL;HDC hdcMem = NULL;//Initilaize the bitmap informationbmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = rcDC.right - rcDC.left;bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top;bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;//Create the compatible DC to get the datahdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);if(hdcMem == NULL){goto EXIT;}//Get the data from the memory DChBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);if(hBmp == NULL){goto EXIT;}hOldObj = SelectObject(hdcMem, hBmp);//Draw to the memory DCsizeImg.cx = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth;sizeImg.cy = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight;StretchBlt(hdcMem,0,0,sizeImg.cx,sizeImg.cy,hdc,rcDC.left,rcDC.top,rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1,rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1,SRCCOPY);vtData.resize(sizeImg.cx * sizeImg.cy * 3);memcpy(&vtData[0],pData,vtData.size());bRes = WriteBmp(strFile,vtData,sizeImg);SelectObject(hdcMem, hOldObj);EXIT:if(hBmp != NULL){DeleteObject(hBmp);}if(hdcMem != NULL){DeleteDC(hdcMem);}return bRes;}
一共有三個WriteBmp函數,使用上非常簡單。
比如,我想儲存一個HDC,隻需要簡單地調用:
HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL);
WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSave.bmp"));
ReleaseDC(NULL,hdc);
HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL); WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSave.bmp")); ReleaseDC(NULL,hdc);
如果想儲存HDC的某一個部分,同樣也很簡單:
RECT rcDC = {0,0,100,100};
WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSavePart.bmp"),rcDC);
HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL); RECT rcDC = {0,0,100,100}; WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSavePart.bmp"),rcDC); ReleaseDC(NULL,hdc);
這個函數還能做到一個很有意思的功能,就是截取螢幕。對于螢幕來說,也是一個HDC,我們隻要擷取螢幕的HDC句柄,剩下的就沒有什麼難度了:
HDC hdc = CreateDC(_T("DISPLAY"), NULL, NULL, NULL);
WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//ScreenCapture.BMP"),hdc);
DeleteDC(hdc);