Outline of knowledge on the topic of history on the Eight
I. Modern Chinese History:
From the beginning of the Opium War in 1840 to the founding of New China in 1949, it belonged to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Second, from 1840 to the beginning of the 20th century, the great powers launched four wars of aggression against China, gradually reducing China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; at the same time, the Chinese people resisted foreign aggression and waged unyielding resistance; and they continued to strengthen themselves and successively carried out four explorations of modernization.
Sequence of Events: Opium War - Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement - Second Opium War - Foreign Affairs Movement - Sino-Japanese War - Penghu Reform - Boxer Rebellion - Eight-Power Alliance Invasion of China - Xinhai Revolution - New Culture Movement.
【I. The Beginning of Modern Chinese History - A History of Humiliation
★★ The process of semi-colonization in modern China:
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The war of aggression against China
Opium war
Second Opium War
Sino-Japanese War
The Eight-Power Alliance's invasion of China
Unequal treaties
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Beijing, etc
Treaty of Maguan
Treaty of Simgou
effect
China began to degenerate into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
The degree of semi-colonization in China has further deepened
The degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudalization of Chinese society has been greatly deepened
China was completely plunged into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
Development of the general trend
From 1840 to the beginning of the 20th century, the great powers launched four wars of aggression against China, which gradually reduced China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
★ The fundamental reasons for The degeneration of modern China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society are: the aggression of foreign powers, the declining feudal autocratic system, and the weakening of comprehensive national strength.
1. The Opium War (1840-1842): - Daoguang Emperor
(1) The root cause: open the Chinese market and dump goods.
(2) Direct cause: Lin Zexu Humen sold cigarettes. (Reason for the ban on smoking: Opium smuggling has brought deep disasters to the Chinese nation.) Historical significance: The sale of cigarettes in Humen is a great victory in the anti-smoking struggle of the Chinese people, showing the strong will of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression. )
(3) Britain launched a war of aggression: from 1840.6 to 1842.8, guan Tianpei was martyred in the Battle of Humen, and Chen Huacheng was sacrificed in the Battle of Wusong.
(4) Treaty of Nanking: The first unequal treaty that humiliated the country. [Contents: Land cession, indemnity, five-port trade, negotiated tariffs]
※Contents: (1) Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as treaty ports. (2) Ceding Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom. (3) Compensation of 21 million silver dollars. (4) The tax payable on the import and export of goods by British merchants must go through an agreement between the two parties (agreed tariffs, in order to dump goods).
★ Which one best reflects the purpose of the British Opium War (to open up the Chinese market)?
(5) Annex: China-UK Treaty of Humen: Britain obtains consular jurisdiction, one-sided most-favored-nation treatment and the right to rent land and build houses at treaty ports.
(6) The United States and France signed the Wangxia Treaty and the Sino-French Treaty of Huangpu with China, expanding their rights and interests in aggression.
(7) Influence: The Opium War began to change from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.
(8) The Opium War changed the nature of Chinese society, so it was the beginning of China's modern history.
2. The Second Opium War (1856-1860): - Xianfeng Emperor
(1) The fundamental reason why Britain and France launched the war: to further open up the Chinese market and expand the rights and interests of aggression.
(2) Excuses for Britain and France to launch war: the British "Yarrow Incident", the French "Horse Priest Incident"
(3) 1858: The Treaty of Tianjin stipulates that foreign ministers shall be stationed in Beijing, and ten places such as Hankou and Nanjing shall be added as treaty ports, and foreign merchant ships and warships may sail freely at their respective ports on the Yangtze River. Treaty on the Aftermath of the Treaty of Commerce: Recognition of the Legalization of the Opium Trade
(5) The burning of the Yuanmingyuan by the British and French armies occurred during the Second Opium War and was a trampling on human civilization.
(6) The Treaty of Beijing of 1860: Tianjin was added as a commercial port, and the kowloon division was ceded to britain.
(7) Tsarist Russia has invaded and occupied more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory in northeast and northwest China, which is the country that has occupied the largest number of Chinese territories in modern times. The Treaty of Yaohun was the treaty that ceded the most territory at one time.
(8) Impact: The Second Opium War further deepened China's semi-colonization.
3. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): Guangxu Emperor
(1) Outbreak: In 1894, the Battle of Toshima was fought by Japan. This year is the first year of the lunar calendar, known in history as the "Sino-Japanese War".
(2) Battle of Pyongyang: The Qing general Zuo Precious Sacrifice.
(3) Battle of the Yellow Sea: On September 17, 1894, Deng Shichang led the officers and men of the Zhiyuan ship to crash into the Japanese ship "Yoshino", unfortunately and heroically killed. (The Guangxu Emperor mourns Deng Shichang's couplet: "On this day, the world is full of tears, and there is a strong naval might")
(4) Lushun Massacre: Lushun defender Xu Bangdao fought alone. The Japanese carried out a massacre in Lushun.
(5) Battle of Weihaiwei: Ding Ruchang, admiral of the Beiyang Marine Division, committed suicide and martyrdom, and the Beiyang Fleet was completely destroyed in Weihaiwei.
★ The beiyang fleet was completely destroyed at Weihaiwei – marking the bankruptcy and failure of the foreign affairs movement.
(6) The Treaty of Maguan between China and Japan: In 1895, Li Hongzhang signed a treaty with Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi in Maguan, Japan.
Contents of the "Maguan Treaty": [Cut off the three islands, pay 200 million yuan, open four more mouths, open factories]
(1) Cede the Liaodong Peninsula, the entire island of Taiwan and all affiliated islands, and the Penghu Archipelago to Japan; (2) compensate Japan for 200 million taels of silver for military expenses; (3) open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou as commercial ports; (4) allow Japan to open factories at treaty ports.
(7) Influence: The foreign aggressive forces have further penetrated into the hinterland of China, and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
★ "Japan was allowed to open factories at treaty ports," and the imperialist mode of aggression changed from commodity export to capital export. The signing of this clause hindered the development of China's national industry.
(8) After the Sino-Japanese War, imperialism set off a frenzy to divide China:
(1) The frenzy of partition: Under the coercion of Russia, France and Germany, Japan abandoned the Liaodong Peninsula, but extorted 30 million taels of "ransom fees" from China. Subsequently, the great powers divided their spheres of influence in China one after another, setting off a frenzy of dividing up China.
(2) "Open Door": In 1899, the United States submitted a note to Britain, Russia and other countries on "open doors". The implementation of the "open door" policy has formed a situation in which the great powers jointly divide China.
(9) The Sino-Japanese War promoted the awakening of the Chinese: (1) Sun Yat-sen established the Xingzhong Association, which opened the prelude to the bourgeois revolution. (2) Kang Youwei launched a bus to write a book, kicking off the prelude to the Restoration and Reform Movement. (3) Zhuangyuan industrialist Zhang Xiao and others embarked on the road of "industry to save the country".
4. The Eight-Nation Alliance's Invasion of China (1900) - Guangxu Emperor
(1) The purpose of the Eight-Power Alliance's invasion of China: (1) Direct purpose: to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. (2) Main purpose: to protect and expand interests in China.
(2) Process: (1) In 1900, Seymour led LinkedIn the eight-nation alliance of the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria to launch an invasion. (2) The Boxers blocked the enemy in Langfang. (3) The Qing general Nie Shicheng was martyred. (4) The Chinese and foreign coalition forces strangled the Boxers. (5) After the Eight-Power Alliance occupied Beijing, it was burned and looted.
(3) Result: China was defeated and signed the Treaty of Xinugu.
※ Contents: [The largest amount of indemnities, prohibition of anti-imperialism, demolition of forts, garrison sites, demarcation of embassies, and establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
(1) [Economy] The Qing government paid 450 million taels of silver. (2) [Political] The Qing government guaranteed that the people were strictly forbidden to participate in all forms of anti-imperialist activities. (This shows that the Qing government has completely become an instrument of imperialist rule over China; the most harmful one) (3) [Military] Demolition of the Dagu Fort and allowing foreign troops to be stationed in key areas along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. (4) [Diplomacy] Demarcation of Dongjiaomin Lane in Beijing as the boundary of the embassy, and Chinese are not allowed to live. Changed the Prime Minister's Yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, before the six ministries.
(3) Influence: With the signing of the Treaty of Xinugu, the Qing government was reduced to a tool for imperialist powers to rule China, and China was completely plunged into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
II. The Revolt of the Chinese People in Modern Times: A History of Resistance
1. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement (1851-1864): Xianfeng Emperor/Tongzhi Emperor
(1) Jintian Uprising: In January 1851, Hong Xiuquan revolted in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi, marking the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
(2) Yong'an establishment: Hong Xiuquan Yong'an was crowned king (...), and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom initially established a political organization.
(3) Dingdu Tianjing: In 1853, after it was designated as the capital, it officially established a situation of confrontation with the Qing government in the north and south.
(5) "Tianchao Tianmu System": Advocating absolute averages is impossible to achieve.
(6) Western Expedition: The Western Expedition achieved major victories and entered its military heyday.
(7) The Tianjing Incident: —— It was the turning point of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom from prosperity to decline
(8) Hong Renjie wrote the "New Chapter of Senior Administration": put forward the idea of learning from the West and developing capitalism.
(9) Zeng Guofan Xiang Army, Li Hongzhang Huai Army and Hua Er Yang Gun Team jointly suppressed the Taiping Army.
(10) The fall of Tianjing in 1864 marked the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
(11) Historical significance: The Taiping Rebellion was the largest peasant war (sporting nature) in Chinese history, dealing a heavy blow to the qing dynasty's rule and foreign invading forces, and composing a magnificent chapter in China's modern history.
(12) Reasons for the failure: First, the limitations of the peasant class, and second, they were jointly strangled by Chinese and foreign reactionary forces (characteristics).
2. Boxer Rebellion (1900): Guangxu Emperor
(1) Slogan: "Fu Qing extinguish the ocean". (Evaluation: Anti-imperialist and patriotic peasant movement; limitations: illusions about the Qing government and blind xenophobia.) )
(2) Result: It was strangled by Chinese and foreign forces and failed.
(3) Influence: It dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist ambition to carve up China.
【III. The Beginning of China's Modernization - Exploring the History
meaning
Modernization is the process of learning from Western countries, achieving economic industrialization, and political democratization.
event
Westernization movement
Pentagram variation
Revolution
New Culture Movement
focus
Learn science and technology, production technology
Studying the Political System (Constitutional Monarchy)
Study the political system (democratic republic)
Learn about ideological culture
status
The beginning of China's modernization
The process of China's modernization has been accelerated
1. Western Affairs Movement (1860s to mid-1890s) – Guangxu Emperor
(1) Purpose: To enrich the country and strengthen the army and maintain the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty (fundamental purpose).
(2) Western affairs school: Yi Bi (central), Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong (local) and so on.
(3) Slogan: "Self-improvement" in the early period (1860s) and "seeking wealth" in the later period.
(4) Main contents:
(1) In the early period, the Westerners developed modern military industry under the slogan of "self-strengthening", and successively founded the Anqingnei Ordnance Institute, the Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau (Li Hongzhang), and the Fuzhou Shipping Bureau.
(2) Establish new-style schools; set up translation halls to translate foreign scientific and technological books; send overseas students to study abroad.
(3) In the later period, the Westerners put forward the idea of "seeking wealth" and opened modern civilian enterprises, such as the Steamship Merchants Bureau (Li Hongzhang), the Kaiping Coal Mine (Li Hongzhang), the Hanyang Iron Works (Zhangzhidong), and the Hubei Weaving Layout (Zhangzhidong).
(4) Prepare for the construction of a new type of navy: Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian (beiyang marine division is the largest). Later, the Navy Yamen was established to unify the command.
(5) Strengthen the defense of Cyprus: Zuo Zongtang successfully recovered Xinjiang.
(5) Evaluation: (1) Status (influence): The Western Affairs Movement was the first modernization movement in Chinese history. (2) The western affairs movement objectively stimulated the emergence of National Capitalism in China (the greatest impact) and played a certain role in resisting the invasion of foreign capital. (3) It has not put China on the road to prosperity and strength.
[Reasons for failure] (1) The fundamental reasons: there was no reform of the backward feudal system, (2) corruption within the Westerners, (3) the squeeze of foreign forces.
The failure of the western affairs movement fully shows that in China, a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, it is not feasible to learn only Western science and technology without changing the political system.
2. Peng Shu Variation: (1895-1898) - Guangxu Emperor
(1) Prologue: The bus is written. In 1895, when the news of the signing of the Treaty of Maguan reached Beijing, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and others wrote to the Guangxu Emperor, requesting that peace be rejected, the capital be moved, and the law be changed. This is the famous "book on the bus", which opened the prelude to the reform movement.
(2) Propaganda: The first reformist political group: the Strong Society. Publications: Shanghai Shiji Bao, Tianjin Guowen Bao.
(3) Penghu Reform Law (Hundred Days Restoration): In 1898, the Qing government issued the edict "Ming Ding Guo is", and the change of law began. The change took 103 days and is also known as the "Hundred Days Restoration". 1898 is the year of the lunar calendar, known in history as the "Pentagram Variation".
(4) Content: There are four aspects of politics, economy, education, and military.
(1) Touching the interests of diehards: laying off redundant officials and redundant personnel; reforming the finances and preparing the state budget; abolishing the eight shares; and reducing the Green Camp. (2) Reflect the desire of intellectuals to participate in politics: allow officials and people to write letters and speak. (3) Demand the development of capitalism: encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises and develop agriculture, industry and commerce. (4) Conducive to the spread of Western learning: the opening of new-style schools (5) is conducive to enhancing military strength and national defense strength: training new-style armies.
(5) Influence: It has had a wide and lasting impact on ideology and culture (it has played an ideological enlightenment role in society).
(6) What are the reasons for the failure of the pentagram method? What does its failure say?
(1) Reasons for failure: The reformists themselves were weak, compromised, and only relied on the Guangxu Emperor, who had no real power. Objective reasons: The die-hard forces hold real power.
(2) Explanation: The bourgeois road of reform does not work in China, a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
3. Xinhai Revolution (1894-1912):
【Revolutionary Activities of Sun Yat-sen in His Early Years】
(1) The establishment of the Xingzhong Association: The Xingzhong Association was the first bourgeois revolutionary group. In 1894, Sun Yat-sen founded the Xingzhong Association.
(2) Guangzhou Uprising: In 1895, Sun Yat-sen prepared to launch the Guangzhou Uprising, but failed. Lu Haodong, the first person to sacrifice for the republican revolution.
【The League and the Three People's Principles】
(1) The Spread of Revolutionary Thought: Zhang Binglin's "Rebutting Kang Youwei's Book on Revolution", Zou Rong's "Revolutionary Army", Chen Tianhua's "Turning Back" and "Alarm Bell", etc.
(2) China League Association: (1) Establishment: In order to concentrate revolutionary forces, Sun Yat-sen united with revolutionary groups such as the Xingzhong Association, the Huaxing Association, and the Guangfu Association, and established the Chinese League Association in Tokyo, Japan in 1905, which determined the political program of "expelling the Tartars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and equalizing land rights", elected Sun Yat-sen as prime minister, and decided to establish the organ newspaper Minbao. (2) Influence: The Chinese League was the first nationwide, unified bourgeois revolutionary party. The establishment of the League gave the revolutionaries unified leadership and a clear goal of struggle, and promoted the development of the revolutionary movement throughout the country.
(3) Three People's Principles: (1) Contents: Sun Yat-sen expounded the political program of the League as "nationalism", "civil rights doctrine" and "people's livelihood doctrine", collectively known as the "Three People's Principles". (2) Significance: The Three People's Principles became the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the Xinhai Revolution.
★ "Expelling the Tartars and restoring China" means "nationalism"; "founding the Republic of China" means "civil rights", which means: establishing a bourgeois democratic republic, which is the core of the Three People's Principles; "equal land rights" is "people's livelihoodism".
【The Struggle of Revolutionary Heroes】
(1) Pingliu Li Uprising: In 1906, at the junction of Xianggan and Gansu, the first armed uprising led by the League after the establishment of the League failed.
(2) Anqing Uprising: In the summer of 1907, Xu Xilin, a member of the Restoration, launched an uprising in Anqing, and Qiu Jin responded in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, and failed.
(3) Guangxi Uprising: Led by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing in 1907, an uprising was launched in Nanguan, Guangxi, but failed.
(4) Huanghuagang Uprising: In April 1911, Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and other leaders launched an uprising in Huanghuagang, Guangzhou, but finally failed because they were outnumbered. ★ Impact: The Huanghuagang Uprising had the greatest impact. The indomitable spirit of the revolutionaries and the indomitable spirit of treating death as a homecoming and greatly boosted the fighting spirit of the people of the whole country.
【Wuchang Uprising】
(1) The main force of the uprising was the Hubei New Army, which was inclined toward revolution.
(2) Process: The Wuchang Uprising broke out first. The revolution was victorious in the three towns of Wuhan. Soon, more than half of the country's provinces declared independence. 1911 was the lunar year of Xinhai, and history called this revolution the "Xinhai Revolution".
(3) Nature: The Xinhai Revolution was a great anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution in modern China.
(4) Significance: (1) The Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and ended China's feudal monarchy (the greatest historical role/significance). (2) It has created a modern national democratic revolution in the full sense, greatly promoted the ideological emancipation of the Chinese nation, and opened the floodgates of China's progressive trend. Make the idea of a democratic republic deeply rooted in the hearts of the people (where it succeeds). (3) The revolution did not change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. (Failures)
【Establishment of the Republic of China】
On January 1, 1912, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated as the Provisional President of the Republic of China. Taking 1912 as the first year of the Republic of China, the Gregorian calendar was changed. (Conversion formula: AD ** year = Republic of China ** year + 1911)
[Yuan Shikai steals the fruits of the revolution]
After the Wuchang Uprising, the revolutionaries wanted to achieve a republic through peaceful means. After the abdication of the Qing emperor, Yuan Shikai took office in Beijing; the provisional government moved to Beijing. The fruits of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution were stolen by Yuan Shikai.
【Provisional Law of the Republic of China】
(1) In March 1912, Sun Yat-sen promulgated the Provisional Law of the Republic of China formulated by the Senate. The main contents are: (1) The sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to the people (sovereignty belongs to the people). (2) All citizens are equal; citizens have freedoms and rights (equal freedoms) such as speech, the press, assembly, and participation in politics. (3) The Senate exercises legislative power, the State Council assists the Pro Tempore President in exercising executive power and assuming his responsibilities, and the judiciary is independent (judicial power). (Separation of powers)
(2) Nature: The Provisional Law of the Republic of China affirms the bourgeois democratic republican system and the principle of democratic freedom, and is the first important document of the constitutional nature of a bourgeois republic in Chinese history.
★ There were two important achievements of the Xinhai Revolution: the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Provisional Law of the Republic of China.
4. New Culture Movement (1915):
(1) The rise of the new cultural movement:
(1) Reason: The Xinhai Revolution failed to eliminate feudal ideas and old culture. Yuan Shikai set off the "Zun Kong Retro" countercurrent and restored the imperial system (the direct cause).
(2) Logo: In 1915, Chen Duxiu founded the Youth Magazine in Shanghai, and the New Culture Movement began.
(3) Leader: Chen Duxiu and the main contributors of "New Youth" are Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun and so on.
(4) Propaganda positions and banners: "New Youth" and Peking University are the main fronts. The two banners of the New Culture Movement are democracy and science.
(2) Content: (1) Attack old morality and old culture. (2) Advocating democracy and science: Chen Duxiu first proposed: "Mr. De" democracy, "Mr. Sai" science. (3) Advocating literary revolution: Hu Shi published the "Discussion on Literary Reform", advocating the replacement of literary language with vernacular language.
(3) Significance: The New Culture Movement shook the dominance of feudal morality and etiquette, enabled the Chinese people to receive a baptism of democracy and science, and played a role in ideological propaganda and paving for the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement. The New Culture Movement was a great movement for the emancipation of the mind.
★ Later period of the New Culture Movement: Propaganda of the October Revolution and Marxism. Li Dazhao was a pioneer in the spread of Marxism in China.
[Attitude towards traditional culture:] Take its essence, remove its dross, use the past for the present, inherit innovation, and keep pace with the times.
age
Leadership figures
Main content
parenchyma
quality
slogan
1860s-1890s
Yi Bi, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong
Founded military and civilian industries and navies
Learn about Western economics, science and technology
The Western Affairs Movement was a self-help movement of feudal rulers.
"Self-improvement" and "Seeking Wealth"
In 1898
Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao
Reform the old system and implement the new law
Learn about the political system of the West
The Reform Law is a bourgeois reform movement that saves the people from extinction
"Salvation"
In 1911
Sun Yat-sen
The Wuchang Uprising and the founding of the Republic of China
The Xinhai Revolution was a bourgeois-democratic revolution.
"Three People's Principles"
In 1915
Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, etc
Advocate democracy, science and new literature
Learn about Western thought and culture
The New Culture Movement was an unprecedented movement for the emancipation of the mind.
"Democracy, Science"
★ Induction: The Beginning of China's Modernization
★ Process: Modernization of science and technology (Foreign Affairs Movement) → Political System (Penghu Reform Law, Xinhai Revolution) → Re-learning of Ideology and Culture (New Culture Movement).
★ Features: China's modernization from the study of Western science and technology to the political system to the ideology and culture, layer by layer, from the surface and the inside from shallow to deep.
★ Understanding: (1) National independence is a prerequisite for modernization. (2) The landlord class and the bourgeoisie cannot change China's destiny. (3) Only the Communist Party of China can save China, and China's taking the socialist road is the choice of history. (4) Chinese people have the spirit of not being left behind, self-improvement, and courage to explore.