In the literature passed down, the Battle of Yanhuang involved the two place names Zhuolu and Hanquan. For the study of these two place names, scholars tend to do more in the study of geographical research, and less on the meticulous examination of the literature. After searching the literature, the author found that the name of Hanquan, which was the place where the Yanhuang War occurred, was most likely a wrong place name. I will try to write this article to be good to all of you.
The Chronicle of the Five Emperors begins with the Battle of Yanhuang, saying:
Emperor Yan wanted to invade the princes, and the princes returned to Xuanyuan. Xuanyuan is Xiu De ZhenBing, Zhi Wu Qi, Five Arts, Fu Wanmin, Du Sifang, teaching bears, cats, cats, cats, tigers, in order to fight against the Yan Emperor in the wilderness of Hanquan. Three battles, and then its ambition.
The Ming Dynasty painted the yellow emperor statue
We know that Sima Qian's "Five Emperors Benji" took more of the text of the "Five Emperors". The original text of the Book of the Five Emperors:
(The Yellow Emperor) ruled the five qi, set the five quantities, caressed the people, and taught the bear, the cat, the cat, the leopard, and the tiger, in order to fight the Red Emperor in the wilderness of Banquan. Three battles, and then its ambition.
The "HanQuan" of the "Chronicle of History", here is the "Banquan Spring". Dai Zhen thought that this "version" was a false word, but in fact, both the han and the version were derived from the reverse sound, which could have been communicated, and there was no need to think that it was wrong. The name Ofan Quan is also found in the 25th year of the Reign of the Left Emperor (635 BC). At that time, due to the internal turmoil of the Zhou King, the King of Zhou Xiang took refuge in Zheng. Before the Duke Wen of Jin sent troops to serve the king, he asked the fox to divinate. The fox read Bu Zhao and said:
Ji, met the Yellow Emperor in the battle of Hanquan' omen.
The Yellow Emperor fa fa xuan you
In the pre-Qin literature, the so-called Hanquan was also used as a clan name in addition to a place name. For example, the Book of Yi zhou and the History of Yi Zhou says:
Those who do not stop at arms perish. The Former Hanquan clan used no soldiers, fought endlessly, and had no relatives, no literary standing, and the wise men were cold. Migrated to Dulu, the princes of The Bank, and the Hanquan died.
Here Xuan You is Emperor Yan, Liang Yusheng and Lü Simian are all discussed, which is not cited. This material of the Yi zhou shu is also mostly found in other literature. If we compare these materials, we will find that the writing of Hanquan is very suspicious. For example, the book "Jade Sea" compiled by Wang Yinglin of the Song Dynasty, volume 46, cites the "Book of Yizhou" as "Han Yuan".
"Jade Sea" volume 46 (photocopy of Zhejiang Bookstore in the ninth year of Qing Guangxu)
In addition, he is also a "bothersome" person. For example, QingKong Guangtao carved the "Beitang Shuqian" volume 113 quoting the "Liutao" cloud:
In the past, the Hou clan used no end to the army, fought endlessly, and annexed endlessly. As for the wilderness of Zhuolu, the princes rebelled and the death of the Annoying Hou clan also.
"North Hall Book Notes" (Qingkong Guangtao Ten Thousand Scrolls Tang Engraving)
Compared with Kong Ben, the Ming Chen Yu Mo School Ben does not have the five words "merger and annexation are endless", and the rest is the same.
"Beitang Shuqian" (Ming Chen Yu Mo school book)
The material of "Liutao" cited in the Beitang Shuqian is not found in the present "Liutao", but is found in the fragments of the Dunhuang manuscript "Liutao" (Bo 3454). The article material says:
Those who do not stand up are dead. In the past, the Fuyuan clan used no end in the army, fought endlessly, and had nothing to do, as for the wilderness of Zhuolu, the princes rebelled, and the annoyance clan died.
Fragment of the Dunhuang manuscript Liutao (Bo 3454, now in the Bibliothèque de Paris)
Comparing the various ways of writing Hanquan, Banquan, Hanyuan, Fuhou, and Fuyuan, the first characters of Han, Ban, and Fu are all phonetically close zigzags (Han and Fu are both and mother yuanbu characters, and the version is the help mother yuanbu character, and the help belongs to the same lip sound, side button), which can be ignored; but the second word Izumi, yuan, and thick three characters are close and different, obviously two of them are misspellings. However, from the above material, we simply cannot judge which one is orthography. The turnaround came from new archaeological material.
In 1972, the Shandong Provincial Museum and Linyi Cultural Relics Group excavated two Western Han tombs in Linyi Yinque Mountain, and a large number of Han Jian were excavated from the tombs, such as "Sun Zi's Art of War", "Sun Zhen's Art of War", "Wei Miaozi", "Liutao" and so on. Among them, the second part of Sun Tzu's Art of War talks about the Battle of Yanhuang, and its text is as follows:
Yinqueshan 1, 2 Western Han Tombs
Sun Tzu said: "The Yellow Emperor's Southern Expedition" The Red Emperor, [as for the □□], fought in the anti-mountain plains. ...... The Eastern Expedition □ Emperor, and as for Xiangping, he fought in Ping□,...... The Northern Expedition Black Emperor, as for Wu Sui, fought in the □□... As for Wu Gang, the White Emperor of the Western Expedition fought at [□□] ,...... The four emperors have been defeated, and the world is great.
Anti-mountain plains, Silver Bird Mountain Han Tomb Bamboo Jane Finishing Group Note:
Yinqueshan Han Tomb Museum
The reverse mountain is the original Han spring. "Anti" and "Han" are used. The word "original" is from "factory" from "spring", and "Shuowen": "Original, water spring Benye." The Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong 3rd year scripture says: "Teng Zi Yuan pawn." "Ram" was originally made a "spring". The old saying is that Hanquan is near Zhuolu County in Hebei or Yangqu County in Shanxi. Jian Wen said that the Southern Expedition to the Red Emperor fought in the anti-mountain plains, and its land did not seem to be so far north, and it was doubtful that the old theory could not be trusted.
Judging from the words used in the literature, the words yuan and quan seem to be false, but it is debatable whether the "anti-mountain plain" here should be called "Han Quan". Here's why:
First, the ancient characters Zhongyuan and Quan both exist. The reason for whether the word "quan" in the present "Ram" biography and the "original" in the "Spring and Autumn" scriptures are two misspellings or false characters is unknown. Although the original character is derived from the spring character, the voice part of the original word ancient sound is the doubtful mother, which belongs to the tooth sound, and the spring is from the mother, which belongs to the tooth sound, and the distance between the two voice parts is larger.
In the era of cold weapons, the main battlefield was often chosen in the open wilderness
Second, the "anti-mountain" of The Yinqueshan Hanjian should be the "Busan" of the Yellow Emperor in the "History of the Five Emperors", the anti- and the kettle gang and the side button, the Fish Yuan Tong, and the ancient yin Ben near. By examining the "Anti-Mountain Plain" and the "Annoying Plain" of the fragments of "Liutao" and the "Annoying Thick" quoted in the "Beitang Shuqian", it can be seen that the word "thick" must be a mistake of the word "original". In other words, Annoyance can be considered as an abbreviation for "Annoyed Mountain Plain". By this reasoning, the "Hanquan" in the present "Yi Zhou Shu" is also a typo, and the "Hanwara" quoted in the "Jade Sea" is the orthography.
Third, the original righteousness of the wilderness and the wilderness, such as the "Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong four years "do not cultivate civil and fornication with the original beast", Du note: "The original, the wild." Obviously, the "original" character of the Yinqueshan Han Dynasty against the mountain plain should be consistent with the use of the "wild" characters of Hanquan No no Noo and ZhuoLu Noo, which are often used in the literature mentioning the Battle of Yanhuang. The ancient chinese character "原" is the original character of "source", and the original character of "原" as the meaning of the wilderness is "邍", and the word "原" and the character "邍" are identical. For example, "Zhou Li Da Situ": "Distinguish the famous things of its mountains and trees, rivers, hills, graves, and originals." Lu Deming's "Interpretation": "Originally, it was also made of a song." And "Shuowen": "Qiu, Gaoping Nono." It can be seen that the meaning of the three words of original, wild and yin has a strong correlation. In essence, it is more appropriate to read "Hanwara" when it is anti-mountain.
In fact, as the opinion of the collation group, in terms of the orientation of the "four cuts" in the simplified text, the "anti-mountain plain" is the land of the Yellow Emperor's southern expedition, and its land cannot be so northward. Therefore, it is not appropriate to compare it with the name of "Hanquan" located in the north.
Looking at the above materials, we can see a law: the "original" character of Hanyuan, all the earlier documents of the era, such as the Yinqueshan Hanjian, the Dunhuang Writing Scroll, and the "Jade Sea" all use the "original" character. All the school-engraved documents that are now or late, such as the "Records of History", "Yi Zhou Shu", "Five Emperors", etc., are mostly written as "quan". This phenomenon reminds us:
Proofreading literature should first respect the excavated materials. The documents passed down from generation to generation have often passed through the hands of thousands of people, and the excavated materials are the real first-hand materials. When a document is found in both excavated materials and paper materials, whether we should use the excavated documents to proofread the excavated materials or use the excavated materials to correct the heirloom documents requires us to deal with them with extreme caution. Just as the academic circles interpret the "corpse" character that expresses the meaning of the genus in the oracle bone and gold texts, many scholars often directly read it as "Yi" according to the usage of the handed down documents, so that we miss an excellent breakthrough point in the study of the origin of the Han people.
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