The "List of Snakes Directly Under the Central Government of Chongqing" writes that there are 47 species of snakes in 4 families, 34 genera and 47 species in Chongqing, of which 15 are poisonous snakes, so we will take stock of these 15 poisonous snakes in Chongqing today.
The silver ring snake has a white ring and a black ring arranged on its back, the white ring is narrow, the tail is slender, the body length is 1,000-1,800 mm, and the venomous snake with anterior groove teeth. The back is black or bluish-black with 30-50 narrow stripes of white or milky yellow; the ventral surface is stained white. The dorsal back of the head is dark brown , and the napeal back of the juvenile body has a light inverted "v" shaped spot. The dorsal ridge is higher, the cross-section is triangular, and the tail end is pointed. The head is oval in shape, less distinct from the neck, and the back of the guan has a typical 9 large scales, no buccal scales, and the middle row of ridge scales in the middle of the back is enlarged into a hexagonal shape; the tail scales are single-rowed.
The silver ring snake is a neurotropic venomous snake with small venom glands but severe venom. Temperamental, slow movements, if not touched it too hard, generally will not bite. As the most venomous snake in China, whether the back of the silver ring snake is raised is the biggest distinguishing point between it and non-venomous snakes such as the white ring snake.
The total length of the viper is 120-150 cm, and the largest can reach more than 200 cm. The head is large and triangular, distinct from the neck, and has long tube teeth. The snout end is formed by the internasal scales and the tip of the snout scales to form an upturned protrusion; the nostrils and eye smell have an oval buccal fossa, which is a thermal positioner. The dorsal scales have strong ridges 21(23)-21(23)17(19) rows. Abdominal scales 157-171. Tail subspinge scales 52-60, the front section of about 20 pieces are set as single rows or mixed with individual pairs, the posterior part of the tail is double rows, the end of the scales have a high degree of keratinization, forming a sharp hard object, called "Buddha nails".
Also known as the five-step snake, it inhabits the hilly areas of the middle and lower plains of the Yangtze River and mainly inhabits the graveyard grass and its vicinity. A small venomous snake found throughout China, it is the most widely distributed and numerous venomous snake in China. However, it generally does not take the initiative to attack people, because it is slow to move, often causing snake wounds when people mistakenly step on or touch it.
The back is all green , the upper lip is slightly lighter , the dorsal and caudal tips are scorched red , and the ventral surface of the head and tail is yellowish white. The eyes are orange-red , with a longitudinal line stripe on the side of the body that is half white, pale yellow, or red and white. The male snake's lateral longitudinal lines are red and white, reaching the angle of the mouth or the lower angle behind the eyes, and reaching the middle or base of the tail; the longitudinal lines on the female side are white or pale yellow, occupying only the center of the most lay dorsal scales, so they are thinner, the front end is not up to the neck, never reaches the lower angle behind the eye, and the rear end reaches the base or front end of the tail. Juvenile snake spots are basically similar to adults, but there are two rows of white dots on the back of the body.
Although Zhuyeqing is one of the top ten poisonous snakes in China, the venom fatality rate of Bamboo Leaf Qing is only one percent. Bamboo leaf green bite will only discharge a small amount of venom, an average of only 30 mg, few people die, but the wound of the person bitten by the bamboo leaf green will be accompanied by severe pain and burning sensation is extremely strong, so the bite of bamboo leaf green should be treated as soon as possible.
The short-tailed pit viper has a light brown to reddish brown on the back, with two rows of dark brown round spots, staggered or juxtaposed from left to right, the round spots are light in the center, the outside is often open and horse-cry-shaped, and some specimens have a reddish-brown ridge line; there is a colored eyebrow stripe behind the eyes, and the upper edge is set with yellow-white edges; the posterior segment of the tail is yellow-white, but the tip of the tail is often black. The snout ridge is pronounced; the lateral tip flute of the internasal scales is bent backwards; the middle of the dorsal scales is 21 rows. There are buccal fossa, there are tube teeth. Individuals in Beijing are connected to the left and right by many round spots. There is a row of dark brown irregular lateral thick spots between the dorsal scales and the ventral scales, slightly star-shaped; the ventral surface is grayish white, densely covered with tan or blackish brown fine spots. The main feature of the pit viper is that the head is triangular, has a buccal fossa, is small in size, and has a shorter and thinner tail. The dorsal back is greyish brown or earthy red , with alternating brown round spots , with transverse spots of the same shade and scattered irregular spots , with a row of brown spots on the side of the body. The ventral surface is greyish or grayish brown with dark spots. Due to the wide distribution of pit vipers, the variation of color spots is also more obvious, mainly with the dry or wet environment and light or dark. The most notable feature of its scales is that the internasal scales are short and wide, and the body side is thin and pointed, which can be distinguished from other snake species. The pit viper has a pair of tubular poisonous fangs, which are usually closed in the mouth, and when the mouth is opened, it stands upright.
The short-tailed viper is widely distributed, numerous and highly toxic, and is very harmful in the densely populated areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, the short-tailed pit viper has a certain role in inhibiting rodents. For a long time, the short-tailed pit viper was considered to have certain therapeutic effects and was used in medicine to produce snake wine, dried snakes, snake powder, etc., and was purchased in large quantities by Japan's National Medicine Distillery; China also used it as an raw material to produce drugs, and the number decreased sharply.
The proto-spearhead viper has fine scales on the back, tan, dark brown markings with a nearly inverted "v" shape, hollow tube teeth in the maxilla, buccal fossa on both sides of the head, a dark brown marking behind the eyes to the side of the neck, a light upper and lower lip color, a grayish-white ventral surface of the head, a tan or grayish brown on the back of the body, and a juxtaposition of dark brown markings on both sides of the dorsal midline, connected to the left and right sides to form a corrugated longitudinal stripe, with irregular small patches on both sides of the ripple. The ventral surface is light brown , and each ventral scale has 1-3 small spots nearly square or nearly round.
The original spearhead viper went out from 17:00 to 05:00 the next day, and the incidence of rainy days was high, and the peak of activity was from 21:00 to 1:00 the next day; the peak of seasonal activity was from June to August, and the optimal activity temperature was 23-32 °C; the daily occurrence rate of non-hibernation was 30%-70%, with an average of 52%. The snake often uses tree holes, bamboo holes, and rock caves as wintering places, and generally does not take the initiative to attack people, but when it encounters dark shadows and lights, it can attack and hurt people.
The sharp-scaled original spearhead pit viper is often confused with the slightly venomous snake's stranded forest snake and the flower forest snake, because it is easy to confuse if it is not carefully distinguished, so I advise everyone here not to easily get started with snakes that are not familiar with it.
The Chinese cobra is medium to large, with an adult length of 1.5 to 2 meters. No buccal scales, anterior orbital scales 1, posterior orbital scales 2, temporal scales 2 + 2 (3). Upper labial scales 7, 2-2-3, the 3rd is the largest, its anterior nasal scales, which are posteriorly into the orbit; the lower labial scales are 8 (7 to 10), the first 4 or 3 are cut anterior chin pieces. Dorsal scales 21 (21-29)-21(19)-15(13, 14) rows, smooth and edgeless; abdominal scale males (158-193), females (160-196); scales intact or dichotomous; subcoccupate scale males (39-54) pairs, female (38-53) pairs. The back is black or dark brown, the back of the neck has spectacle-like markings (double circles or various ornaments), and the whole body has a fine white ring, which is especially obvious in young individuals and blurred in older individuals.
The venom of the Zhoushan cobra is a mixture of nerve and blood circulation, the amount of detoxification is very large, although the venom can not squeeze the golden ring snake and the silver ring snake, but it is also very powerful. Because of the blood circulation mixed poison, so it will lead to the wound area become larger, if not treated in time after being bitten, it will be life-threatening, even if it is rescued for a long time, it may be amputated, and in our piece of Zhoushan cobra is also known as the whole village eating snake. However, these snakes are becoming fewer and fewer, and they are all extinct, so the chances of encountering them in the wild are not too high.
The Chinese coral snake has anterior grooved teeth, a short and wide head, and a blunt snout; Small eyes, oval; The nostrils are large, oval, located between the two nasal scales without buccal scales, the dorsal scales are visible, wider than the skull, the internnasal scales are smaller than the prefrontal scales, the internasal scales are 12 of the prefrontal scales, the frontal scales are equal to or slightly more than their distance from the snout end, the upper lip scales are 7, 2-2-3, 1 anterior orbital scales, 2 (1) retroorbital scales, 1 anterior temporal scales, 1 (2) posterior temporal scales, no ridges, no enlargement of the dorsal scales, 13-13-13 abdominal scales, 190 to 209 abdominal scales, 2 columns of subcoccal scales, 29 to 38 pairs, and the back is a red cinnamon color There is a scale-wide black ring (27 to 31) + (3 to 6) strips.
The Chinese coral snake is a very beautiful snake, also known as the snake, with a very high ornamental, but can not be easily touched because its snake venom contains a highly toxic neurotoxin, once bitten will lead to spasms, paralysis, fainting until death, but they are more docile, will not easily attack humans.
Body shape characteristics The largest one is 561 mm in length. There are anterior groove teeth. There is a yellow-white ∧ shaped spot behind the dorsal eye of the head; the back is purple-brown, with a black transverse band, with 19 to 21 in the trunk and 3 to 4 in the tail; the dorsal scales are smooth, with 15 lines throughout; the abdominal scales are 176 to 198; the scales are two; and the subcognial scales are 30 to 36 pairs. Small anterior groove tooth venomous snake, maximum total length/tail length: male 630/65 mm, female 710/65 mm. The back of the head is black with two yellow-white stripes, the front stripe is thin, spanning both eyes, and the back strip is thicker, inverted "v" shape. The back is reddish brown with 1 scale-wide black stripe of 17 to 22 + 3 to 4 stripes , and the ventral surface is white , and each ventral scale has no or black transverse spots of varying lengths. There are no buccal scales, anterior orbital scales 1, posterior orbital scales 2, temporal scales 1+2; upper lip scales 7 (2-2-3 styles), lower lip scales 6 or 7, the first 4 or 3 before the anterior jaw; 2 pairs of jaw sheets. The dorsal scales are smooth, 15-15-15 rows, the abdominal scales are 185-197, the scales are dichotomous, and the subcoccineal scales are 27 to 36 pairs. There are no ordinary maxillary teeth after the anterior groove teeth.
Fujian Hua coral snake and Chinese coral snake are very similar, the white patches on their heads are obviously different, Fujian is inverted "v", and Chinese coral snake is "one"
The total length of the red chain snake is 1-1.5 m. The head is broad and flattened, the head is black, the occipital part has red "∧" shaped spots, the dorsal back is black and brown, with most (60 or more) red narrow transverse spots, the ventral surface is grayish yellow, and the flanks of the ventral scales are mixed with black-brown spots. [4] The eye is small, with an erect pupil and an oval shape.
The red-chained snake is a micro-venomous snake, and the venomous gland of the snake family is believed to be duvernoy. There is usually no violent poisoning reaction after being bitten. It is usually characterized by allergic manifestations of poisoning mainly wound redness, rash, and urticaria. However, patients with allergies may be life-threatening, so do not take medical treatment lightly. The total length of the red chain snake is about 1 meter, and the maximum can reach more than 1.5 meters. The back of the body is dark brown. It is named after having more than 60 narrow red stripes, and feeds on fish, frogs, lizards, snakes, and birds.
Medium snake, 810 to 1500 mm long. The head is large and thin, with a distinct distinction between the head and neck; the eyes are larger and the pupils are oval. There are 8 (2-2-4) or 10 (2-2-6, 2-3-3, 2-3-5) upper lip scales, 2 (3) anterior orbital scales and 1 (2 or 3) retroorbital scales; the temporal scales are small. The dorsal scales are smooth and oblique, 21 (23,25)-19(21)-17 (15) rows, the ridge scales are not significantly enlarged; the abdominal scales are 227-243, the scales are 2, and the subcoccineal scales are 112-154 pairs. The dorsal surface is brown, brownish-gray or russet, the dorsal midline is decorated with large black or black-brown spots, and there are 1 row of small spots staggered on each side of the large spots; the ventral surface is dark white or yellowish brown, decorated with irregular markings. There are short black longitudinal stripes from the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the prefrontal scales, and brown stripes from the back of the eyes to the corners of the mouth.
The head shape and color spots of the stranded forest snake are somewhat similar to the soldering iron head, but its head has large scales on the back, no cheek socket, smooth back scales, and a slender tail, which can be distinguished from the soldering iron head.
The back of the cauliflower original spearhead viper is mixed with black and yellow. It is composed of two colors, black and yellow, with different proportions of each dorsal scale; yellow is close to grass yellow in some. Some resemble cauliflower yellow. Therefore, it is called "cauliflower snake". Look at it holistically. Some are less black. The overall trend is closer to grass yellow; some are more intensely black. The overall black color is mixed with cauliflower yellow. Most have a row of dark brown or dark red patches with black edges along the dorsal edge. Each plaque accounts for about a few to more than 10 dorsal scales. The ventral surface is dark brown or black and yellow. Yellow dorsal lines are visible in the black back of the head. The snout is yellow on the side of the head diagonally below the corner of the mouth. There is a thick black line behind the eyes; the head and abdomen are yellow. Mixed with dark spots.
Cauliflower original spearhead viper is not widely distributed, this snake body color is bright, and the "snake in the panda" Mangshan original spearhead viper (that is, Mangshan soldering iron head) is somewhat similar, the head is triangular, the body color is mostly green, some have red spots, and the toxicity is equally strong.
White-headed viper full-length male (527+105)mm, female (634+105)mm. The torso and the back of the tail are purple-brown , with pairs of narrow vermilion stripes with black edges , staggered with each other , with only a few stripes merging into one in the center of the back. The ventral surface is brown with brown spots at the front. The dorsal part of the head is pale brownish grey , the snout and the sides of the head are pale pink , and there is a narrow frontal and wide pale pink longitudinal spot in the middle of the frontal scales. The next two scales each have light pink spots. The slits slanting backwards towards the apical scales heal into one with each other, ending at the posterior edge of the apical scales. The ventral surface of the head is light brownish black with white or off-white stripes. The head is large oval in shape, distinct from the neck, the snout is short and wide, the snout scales are wider than the height, and its upper edge is visible from the back. The width of the internasal scale exceeds its length. Frontal scales are nearly hexagonal, narrow in front and back, longer than the distance from it to the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the slit between the parietal scales; the length of the parietal scales is about equal to the distance from it to the end of the snout; the cheek scales are 1, nearly square; the anterior orbital scales are 3 or 2; the posterior orbital scales are 2, the prefrontal scales are 2; the upper is larger; the posterior temporal scales are 3; the upper lip scales are 6,2-113; the first is small, the 3rd is located directly below the eye, the lower lip scales are 8, a few are 7, some sides are 9, the first 1 is wider and more tangent to each other, the first 3 (4) cut jaw slices; the temporal slices are 1 pair, wide and short, The dorsal scales are smooth, 17-17-15 rows, some are 15 rows, some are 15-15-15 rows; the abdominal scale male snake is 170-192, the average is 181, the female snake is 178-197, the average is 183.9; the scales are complete; the tail scales are double or a few single, the male snake is 44-52 pairs, the average is 49.2, and the female snake is 39-42 pairs, with an average of 40.8.
Although the white-headed viper is called one of the 27 poisonous snakes in our country, not because of how strong the venom of this snake is, on the contrary, the venom of the white-headed viper is only moderate among many snakes, which can only be called moderate, and it will not produce fatal danger for young adults, at best, it will cause local muscle pain, as well as blurred vision and dizziness.
About 0.8 meters. The weight is generally 200 to 400 grams. There is a distinct neck groove on the back of the neck and a pair of thick black patches on either side of the occipital. Emerald green or grass-green on the back, with square black spots, bright red between the neck and the black spots at a distance behind it, and pale yellowish-green on the ventral surface. The lower lip and side of the neck are white.
Tabby-necked snake is a micro-venomous snake. It lives near waters and preys on fish, frogs, and tadpoles. Not aggressive, but some juveniles are fierce and love to bite. There are many parasites in the body, and artificial breeding is not recommended.
Mountain soldering iron-headed snake, 50 to 70 cm in total length, with a triangular head and long tube teeth. The back is pale brown with irregular cloud-like spots with a purple-brown color on the back and sides. The ventral surface is purplish red with purplish-brown half-moon-shaped spots on both sides. There are thick black-brown stripes behind the eyes to the back of the corners of the mouth. The neck has a "v" shaped yellow or with white markings.
The mountain soldering ironhead snake often inhabits mountains at altitudes of 315 to 2600 meters and is adapted to a variety of environments, including forests, shrublands and grasslands. The mountain soldering ironhead prefers mountainous rocky desertification areas for easy hiding. Mountain soldering ironhead snakes are also found in agricultural land and even in human settlements. In Nepal, the species prefers to live in alpine and humid conditions.
Although the mountain soldering ironhead snake is a highly venomous snake, its fatality rate is less than 0.1%, and only the viper serum is marked in time, and it is generally not life-threatening.
1. In the case of not being able to determine what kind of snake bite, it cannot be judged that there are no obvious symptoms to judge that it is a non-venomous snake. In most cases, the wound may be blurred, and in the case of a venomous snake bite or a non-venomous snake bite, it should be treated as a venomous snake bite. Non-venomous snake bites often have four rows of small tooth marks, venomous snake bites usually see one or two or three large and deep tooth marks, and some venomous snakes have two teeth.
2, look at the wound, the poisonous snake bites people may break the teeth in your flesh and pull it out.
3. Cauterization: Immediately after being bitten by a snake, burn the wound with 5-7 sticks of matchhead to destroy the local snake venom.
4, flushing: snake venom in 1-3 minutes is not spread, then squeeze out or rinse snake venom, can effectively eliminate most of the snake venom. Rinse immediately with hydrogen peroxide or 0. 1% potassium permanganate, salt water or cold boiled water, soap, urine, it is best to put the injured limb in 4 to 7 ° C ice water (cold water into the ice cube), place crushed ice around the wound for 24 hours, you can also spray chloroethane (pay attention to the warmth of the whole body when cooling down). Remember: Never apply alcohol to the wound.
5. Tie the limbs: At the proximal end, use the straps to tighten the limbs in a spiral shape like a leggings to delay the spread of venom. For example, if the ankle is bitten, it is bandaged under the knee. Snake venom is delivered through veins, which are distributed on the surface of the human body. Using coarse cloth strips to compress the veins on the surface of the body can effectively prevent the spread of snake venom without blocking blood circulation due to local knots that are too tight. This prevents the spread of venom as much as possible and prevents toxins from entering the lymphatic system. After the sterilization, go to the doctor for treatment, and generally do not exceed 2 hours after the emergency treatment is completed. When there is no strap, you can also use rope, cloth straps, shoelaces, straw, etc., to make a circular ligation at a distance of 5 to 10 cm near the upper end of the heart, not too tight or too loose. The ligation should be done quickly, within 2 to 5 minutes after the bite, and then relax every 15 minutes for 1 to 2 minutes thereafter to avoid necrosis of the limb due to obstruction of blood circulation. After injecting the antivenom at a neighboring hospital, the ligation can be removed.
6. Expansion and detoxification: After rinsing, use a disinfected knife to cut the skin between the two tooth marks, and at the same time, on the skin near the wound, use a knife to break the size of the rice grain in several places, so that the venom can flow out. Squeeze the wound constantly for 20 minutes. However, if you are stabbed by vipers (five-step snakes) and soldering iron-headed snakes, vipers, and bites, do not use knife stabs to detoxify, because their snake venom has a hemolytic enzyme that can cause people to bleed a lot, and if the wound is cut again, it can only accelerate the blood loss of the human body. Because ordinary people cannot distinguish between poisonous snakes, the practice of cutting wounds when treating snake wounds cannot be promoted.
7. Acupuncture or cupping: For patients with blood circulation (such as vipers, chrome iron heads, bamboo leaf greens, five-step snakes), needle or cupping cans should not be used to avoid bleeding from the wound. If the swelling around the wound is too much, the lower end of the swelling can be pierced flat into 2 centimeters with a disinfectant blunt-headed thick needle every 1 to 2 inches; for example, when the hands and feet are swollen, the upper limbs puncture the eight evil points (between the fingers of the four fingers), and the lower limbs puncture the eight wind points (between the four toes and toes) to eliminate poison.