As the saying goes, water flows low. But there is a kind of water that purrs up under the ground, and can even spray three feet high.
This kind of water is a spring.
Springs, a hydrogeological phenomenon, are a form of groundwater exposed on the surface. In fact, the springs not only gush upwards from the ground, but also flow to the lower places with the action of gravity. The downward flow of spring water, conformist, is well understood. But what is the matter with the upward flowing spring water, so untamed?
This starts with the physical commutator principle.
The water surface of the two connected containers will remain the same, and when one side continues to add water, the water on the other side will flow out, and when the height difference between the two sides is large, the water will gush out due to the pressure difference between the two sides.
Groundwater is endowed with pores in rock and soil underground and flows through them.
What is the water table?
Groundwater level refers to the height of the groundwater surface relative to the datum, generally expressed by altitude. For a diving aquifer, the elevation of its top water surface is its groundwater level; however, for a pressure aquifer, the water surface is not able to reach its water level height because its water flow is limited by the upper aquifer. Therefore, a monitoring well needs to be drilled to measure the groundwater level according to the position of the water surface in the well.
When it comes to springs, there is a city that gets its name from it. This is the "Spring City" - Jinan.
The formation of Jinan spring water is due to its unique hydrogeological conditions. Jinan's terrain is high in the south and low in the north, and its southern mountains are lush with trees, abundant water sources, and a large area of limestone. The main component of limestone is calcium carbonate, which is easily dissolved under the action of water, thus forming a large number of caves, which is conducive to the flow of water. The springs that converge in the southern mountains are unimpeded all the way north. But when I arrived in Jinan, I encountered a roadblock - magmatic rock. The magmatic rocks here are dense and intact, and it is difficult for water to pass through them. So the spring water "bit its teeth", had to go all the way up, broke through the ground, gushed out, creating a scenery of Jinan's "family spring water" and "seventy-two springs".
Within only 2.6km² of jinan's old town, there are four major springs of Baotu Spring, Black Tiger Spring, Wulongtan and Pearl Spring, and there are more than 100 famous springs of various sizes.
How much do you know about these four springs?
Baotu Springs
Baotu Spring is located in Baotu Spring Park, also known as Luo, Ejiang (Ying) Water, Sill Spring, Burst Spring, commonly known as "three streams of water", ranked first among the seventy-two springs in Jinan in the past. Its gushing momentum and water output are second to none among the springs in Jinan.
The pond is rectangular in stone, 30 meters long from east to west, 20 meters wide from north to south, and up to 240,000 cubic meters of daily surge, which flows into the west moat. Represented by Baotu Spring, together with the surrounding springs, it is collectively known as baotu spring group.
"Spring and Autumn" contains: Lu Huangong "will Qi Hou Yu Luo", the source of the water is Baotu Spring. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Gong served as the Governor of Qi Prefecture, and he wrote in the article "Records of the Second Hall of Qi Prefecture": "There is a spring gushing out, or several feet high, and the name of the person next to it is the spring of Baotu." "This is the earliest record of the name of Baotu Spring that has been found so far.
There are nearly 30 famous springs distributed in the Baotu Spring Cluster, among which Baotu Spring, Jinxian Spring, Huanghua Spring, Liusu Spring, Woniu Spring, Shuyu Spring, Mapao Spring, Wuyou Spring, Shiwan Spring, Zhanlu Spring, Manjing Spring, Dengzhou Spring, Dukang Spring, Wangshui Spring and other springs are listed in the list of the new 72 springs in Jinan.
There are many places of interest and historical sites around Baotu Spring, including Guanlan Pavilion, Luoyuan Hall, Eying Ancestral Hall, Wanghe Pavilion, Laihe Bridge, Pengshan Old Ruins, BaixueLou, Shangzhi Hall and "Guanlan", "Baotu Spring" and "First Spring" and other historical Wing Chun poetry inscriptions.
Black Tiger Springs
Located in the eastern section of the South Moat of Jinan Ring Park Park, across the river from The Liberation Pavilion in the northeast, Black Tiger Spring is a famous spring included in the editions of Jinan's Seventy-two Famous Springs. The name of Black Tiger Spring first appeared in the famous spring monument of the Jin Dynasty. It is named because of the roar of the water, like the roar of the tiger; or because of the cave lying on the boulder, shaped like a Crouching Tiger.
The Ming Dynasty Yan Bi's "Poems of The Seventy-Two Springs of Jinan" wrote the vigorous gushing momentum of the Black Tiger Spring: "The color of the ShipanShui Mansion is pale, and the depths are like the Black Tiger Hidden." In the middle of the night, the wind blew the stone cracks, and there was no light in the moon. "One of the sixteen scenic spots in the Ming Dynasty calendar, the "Flying Spring by the Rock" is this.
Among the many famous springs in Jinan, Black Tiger Spring can be regarded as the most popular one, and many citizens come here every day to fetch water and bring home the refreshing spring water to drink.
The water of the Black Tiger Spring comes from the cliff cave on the bank of the moat, which is 3 meters deep, 2 meters high and 1.7 meters wide. The spring water flows into the spring pool through the dark passage at the bottom of the cave, from the heads of three stone-carved beasts, and the water flows through the steps on the back of the spring pool to form a water curtain and pour into the moat. The maximum gushing capacity of Black Tiger Spring is about 41,000 cubic meters per day, second only to Baotu Spring, ranking second among the springs in Jinan.
The Black Tiger Spring and the springs on both sides of the South Moat and in the river form the Black Tiger Spring Group, and the spring water flows directly into the South Moat.
About 700 meters long from the Liberation Pavilion, there are Black Tiger Spring, Pipa Spring, Agate Spring, Baishi Spring, Nine Women Spring and so on selected as one of the new seventy-two springs in Jinan. The other famous springs include Ren Spring, Bean Sprout Spring, Wulian Spring, Yihu Spring (Miaojia Spring), Golden Tiger Spring, Yinsi Spring, Huibo Spring, and Xiangbo Spring.
Pearl Springs
Pearl Spring is included in the version of the Seventy-two Springs of Jinan, because there is a South Pearl Spring in the South Moat, so the Pearl Spring here is also known as the North Pearl Spring. The spring is exposed in the form of beaded upswing, the springs in the pool are all over the place, and the springs are gushing out from the sand, gathering and scattering, intermittently, suddenly, suddenly slowing down, and the group of carp in the pool constitutes a beautiful scene of "carp play beads".
Pearl Spring is inexhaustible all year round, flowing from the north of the Yudai River into Maomiao Lake, and flowing into Daming Lake through Baihuazhou. Together with the surrounding springs, it is known as the Pearl Springs. In addition to pearl springs, Xiting springs, toswell springs and other famous springs located in the pearl spring compound, the maundy springs (Wangfu Pond), Tengjiao Springs, Furong Springs, Yuhuan Springs, Shuangzhong Springs and so on in the streets and alleys outside the courtyard belong to the Pearl Springs Group.
▼ The royal pond of the Pearl Spring Group
Pearl Spring has been quite famous since ancient times, and Lei Yuan of the Jin Dynasty, Yan Bi, Bian Gong, Li Panlong of the Ming Dynasty, and Pu Songling of the Qing Dynasty have all left popular poems here. The Imperial Monument of pearl spring of the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty still stands on the north bank of the spring pond.
▼ Pearl Spring Pool
Wulongtan Springs
Wulongtan is located on the east side of Mingshi Pavilion outside the west moat of Jinan, which was historically called Jingchi and Gray Bay Spring, and was included in the Jin "Famous Spring Monument" and the Qing "Jinan Seventy-Two Springs". In the Yuan Dynasty, the Five Dragon Temple was built next to the spring pond, so it was renamed Wulongtan. The spring water gushes out from the bottom of the pool, and there is no spring in sight, only the water rising and overflowing, which the ancients thought was the dragon cave. It is also said that Wulongtan was originally the site of qin qiongfudi, the duke of Tanghu, and after a thunderstorm one day, it "collapsed into a yuan".
The outcropping form of Wulongtan spring water is a gushing current, and the pond water runs through the courtyard along the stone canal, meandering north and pouring into the west moat and production canal.
Wulongtan and the surrounding nearly 30 springs are collectively known as the "Wulongtan Springs Group". Among them, among the seventy-two springs in contemporary Jinan, there are Wulongtan, Ancient Hot Spring, Xianqing Spring, Tianjing Spring and Crescent Spring.
(Source: National Human Geography, Institute of Geology and Geosciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences)