Nong Zhigao (1025–1055) was the leader of the Guangyuan Prefecture (now known as the Zhuang, known as the Nong in Vietnam) in the middle of the Song Dynasty (Guangyuan Prefecture, Guangyuan Prefecture, guangyuan, present-day Guangyuan, Gaoping Province, Northern Song Dynasty), who launched the Nong Zhigao Rebellion, was defeated by the Song general Di Qing, and fled to dali.
birth
Nong Zhigao was deeply influenced by Han culture in his early years, could write articles, and was not successful in the examination. His father, Nong Quanfu, was the most powerful tribal leader in the region, and after 1029 established the "Kingdom of Changsheng" (一作 "Changqi Kingdom"), proclaiming himself "Emperor Zhaosheng", and establishing his wife Anon as "Empress Mingde" and Fengnong Zhicong as "King of Nanya". Nong Quanfu was once dependent on the Li Dynasty, but soon declared independence and did not accept the suzerainty of the Li Dynasty. In 1039 (the fifth year of Li Taizong's tongrui), Li Taizong, the emperor of the Li Dynasty, led an army to raid the Kingdom of Changsheng, burned the city wall, and captured Five people, including Nong Quanfu and Nong Zhicong, to Shenglong. Nong Zhigao escapes with his mother Anon.
Succession
After Nong Zhigao succeeded to the throne, he asked Li Chao to release his father, but Li Taizong killed his father Yu Shenglong. Although Li Taizong killed Nong Quanfu, Nong Zhicong, and others, he appointed Nong Zhigao as the Governor of Guangyuan Prefecture, and granted the land of Leihuo, Ping'an, PoSidong, and Silang Prefecture. Nong Zhigao then pursued the strategy of attaching himself to the Northern Song Dynasty, offering gold seven times to ask for annexation, but the Northern Song was worried that this move would anger Dayue and did not agree. Nong then established himself as king in 1041 (the first year of the Song Renzong Qing calendar) with the name of "Great Calendar State". This led to another military offensive by the Li Dynasty, and Nong Zhigao was captured. However, after Nong Zhigao expressed his willingness to submit to the Li Dynasty, Li Taizong released Nong Zhigao and appointed him as the Zhi Prefecture of Guangyuan Prefecture, adding the lands of Leihuo, Ping'an, PoSidong, and Silang Prefecture, hoping to use his hand to oppose the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1043, he also sent Wei Zheng to send an envoy to Guangyuan Prefecture, granting Nong Zhi Gao Duyin and the official position of Taibao.
In 1045 (the fifth year of the Qing calendar), Nong Zhigao occupied Andezhou and declared the establishment of the "Southern Heavenly Kingdom", with the era name Jingrui, and once again broke with the Li Dynasty. In 1048 (the third year of Jingrui), Li Chao sent the lieutenant Guo Shengyi to attack Nong Zhigao, and Nong Zhigao surrendered to Li Dynasty. The following year, Nong Zhigao began to harass the Northern Song Dynasty, hoping to establish an independent force between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Great Yue.
Nong Zhigao continued to ask the Northern Song Dynasty for official positions many times, but all of them were rejected by the local officials of the Northern Song Dynasty, and under this circumstance, Nong Zhigao decided to oppose the Song with all his might, hoping to take advantage of the fact that the main force of the Song army was not in the south to quickly control the Lingnan region, and basically negotiate peace with the Northern Song Dynasty.
Uprising
On the sixth day of the fourth month of the fourth year of the Emperor's reign (1052), Nong Zhigao raised an army of 5,000 men. On the first day of May (31 May), Yongzhou (邕州, in present-day Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) was captured, and the defender Zhang Rixin was killed in battle, and Yuan Binbei, the commander of Yongzhou, was captured by Nong Zhigaosheng. Nong Zhigao established himself as the "Renhui Emperor" in Yongzhou, with the national name "Great South" and the era name Qi Calendar, and the official system was established in accordance with Chinese regulations, and the number of soldiers increased to more than 10,000.
On the ninth day of may, Nong led the main force on the Eastern Expedition, and the road was like a broken bamboo, "one man held a license to cover himself, two people held a gun to kill people, the crowd was blocked, and the bow was mo Nengjia", and lianxiaheng (present-day Hengxian, Guangxi), Gui (present-day Guigang City, Guangxi), Xun (present-day Guiping County, Guangxi), Teng (present-day Tengxian County, Guangxi), wu (present-day Wuzhou City, Guangxi) and other twelve prefectures, on June 21, 1052 (May 26), entered Guangzhou. Due to the fortification of the city of Guangzhou, Nong Zhigao lacked siege equipment and was forced to retreat north after 57 days of siege. At this time, Nong Zhigao's entire army had grown to 50,000 people. Subsequently, Nong Zhigao's army swept through guangxi and Guangdong, and planned to attack Hunan from the north.
In October 1052 (September of the lunar calendar), Emperor Renzong of Song was forced to withdraw from the main force of the Western Xia front, appointed Di Qing as a privy councillor, and led an army to conquer Nong Zhigao in the south. In order to boost the morale of the army, Di Qing threw out a hundred plates of copper coins in a temple south of Guizhou City, and as a result, the hundred copper coins were all literally facing upwards, and the whole army was full of joy and thunder. Di Qing's vanguard Yang Wenguang arrived in Guizhou at the end of the year, met the Nong army, fought unfavorably, and was once trapped. On January 30, in order to rectify military discipline, Di Qing beheaded Thirty-one people, including Chen Shu of Guangxi Prefecture who had been defeated at Kunlun Pass (present-day Yongning and Binyang junctions in Guangxi), and Sun Shu and Yu Jing were shocked, Chen Shu was a subordinate of Yu Jing, and Yu Jing went forward to apologize and said: "The loss of discipline of Shu is also the crime of Jing's moderation." Di Qing replied, "Ren Renchen, the responsibility of the military is not what it takes." So "the soldier will be chestnut, and Xian Si will use his life."
In early 1053, Di Qing's main force arrived in Guangxi. Nongzhi High School Di Qing's strategy of slowing down the army was successfully attacked by Di Qing in Kunlun Pass, and was forced to fight Di Qing in the Battle of Guirenpu in Yongzhou on the eighteenth day of the first month, and the characteristics of Nongzhi Gao's army were javelins and barbarian cards, and on the plains of Quy Nhon Pu, they could not resist the impact of the Song cavalry. It was the Song army that chased fifteen miles, beheaded more than 2,200 people, captured more than 500 people, and the corpses were like mountains, accumulated on the road, and fifty-seven people were killed. Huang Shimi, Nong Jianhou, and Nong Zhizhong of the Great Southern Kingdom were all killed in battle. Nong Zhigao led the remnants of his army to retreat into Yongzhou, and that night set fire to the city and fled beyond the copper pillar. When the city of Yongzhou was destroyed, Nong Zhigao attached himself to Nong Xiaqing of Te Mo Zhai (also known as Te Mo Dao or Te Mo Tong, in the area of present-day Guangnan County, Yunnan), and practiced riding in order to make a comeback. Nong Zhigao knew early on that it would be difficult to resist Di Qing's cavalry, and in a letter to the Chieftain Huang Shouling of Jiezhi, he admitted that his army was unlikely to win if it fought against the cavalry of the Song army. On February 29, Di Qing's class arrived in Guilin.
Nong Zhigao sent Liang Zhu to Li Chao for help, and Li Chao sent the envoy Wu Er to the rescue, but the reinforcements did not arrive, and Nong Zhigao was defeated by Di Qing. Nong Zhigao led five hundred soldiers and six wives and six sons to flee to Dali and were placed in the Yuanjiang River Valley. In December of the fifth year of the emperor's reign (1054), Yu Jing attacked Te Mozhai with troops from six prefectures led by Yang Yuanqing, Chen Chong, and others, and captured Nong Zhigao's mother Anon, brother Nong Zhiguang, second son Nong Jifeng, and Nong Jiming. The following year, Nong Zhigao was executed by the Dali court for some reason.
Historical image
Traditional Chinese and Vietnamese historical sources regard Nong Zhigao as a rebel. Because the wars caused by Nong Zhigao seriously damaged the interests of the Lingnan Han people, nong Zhigao was often described as a demon or an evil wizard in the Han history books.
The earliest scholar who was dissatisfied with Nong Zhi was Huang Xianpan. On April 2, 1962, Huang Xianpan published an article in Guangxi Daily entitled "Nong Zhigao's Rebellion Against the Song Is a Just War", and later wrote the book "Nong Zhigao", trying to comprehensively demonstrate the justice of Nong Zhigao's rebellion against the Song. Wei Chunshu, former chairman of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Government, and some scholars have successively commented. It is also believed that Nong Zhigao's invasion of the Song Dynasty was similar in nature to the invasion of Xinjiang by Agubai from the Qing Dynasty vassal state of Kokand in the late Qing Dynasty.
For more history, please pay attention to Wang Kunming's detailed history