Zhu Zi Jia Xun (朱子家訓) is the author of Zhu Xi's monograph

　 Nowadays, there are two works known as "Zhu Zi Jia Xun", one written by Zhu Xi, a great Confucian of the Song Dynasty, and the other written by Zhu Yongchun, a theorist of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Zhu Xi wrote the original title "Family Training", which is contained in the Zhu family genealogy, and was named "Zhu Zi Jia Xun" or "Zhu Wen Gong Jia Xun" because of Zhu Xi's honorific title. Zhu Yongchun wrote the original title of "Zhijia Maxim", which is known as "Zhu Zi Jia Xun" in circulation, and it was misrepresented to be written by Zhu Xi. Although the creation time, text content, and style of the two are different, because the authors have the same surname and are both family training works, the world is confused. Some scholars believe that conforming to secular customs can be called the Zhuzi Family Training. This claim is controversial.

　　The Motto of the Family was misnamed

　　Zhu Yongchun (1627-1698), a native of Kunshan in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, was a descendant of Zhu Xi, and his "Maxims for Governing the Family" written by him is more than 500 words, beginning with "Rise at dawn, sprinkle and sweep the court". Zhu Yongchun's life experience and mentality were the driving force behind his creation of "Aphorisms for Governing the Family". Zhu's father Ji Huang committed suicide by throwing himself into the river because he refused to surrender the Qing army, and Zhu used the filial piety of the Western Jin Dynasty king Qi", "Lu Tomb Panbai", to call himself "Bai Lu". He was a stepfather, and he never entered the career, teaching students and writing books; and in middle age, he wrote the "Aphorisms for Governing the Family" and posted it in the hall to encourage himself and discipline his family, so he did not sign his name. Zhu Yongchun's writings before his death also did not include this work, which shows that there is no intention of spreading. Due to the praise, admiration or misunderstanding of the world, the "Zhijia Maxim" was renamed "Zhu Zi Zhijia Maxim", "Zhu Zi Jia Xun", "Ziyang Zhu Zi Jia Xun" (Ziyang is Zhu Xi's nickname), etc., so that it was misrepresented to be written by Zhu Xi for more than a hundred years. There are several theories in the academic circles about the causes of the misname.

　　First, the surname of the Zhu clan said. Although the "Aphorisms for Governing the Family" is not named "Family Training", it is actually a maxim style family training. Zhu yongchun named the "aphorism" because of his self-effacing humility, which seems to have the meaning of quoting the words of the sages to encourage himself. Zhu Yongchun's uncle Zhu Daman wrote a couplet for the "Aphorisms for Governing the Family": "Ludong talks about the scriptures and passes on the Thousand Autumn Masters, and Bai Lu Jizhi hangs a line of family rules." "And made a plaque to hang on the wall. This is out of praise for the Zhu elite, and Zhu Yongchun is mentioned together with the sage Zhu Xi, who taught at the White Deer Cave Academy. The sage name of "Zhu Zi" can add to the charm of the "Zhijia Maxim", and in the process of copying, some people will be wrong and call it "Zhu zi family training". In the Qing Dynasty, Yan Kedu pointed out when zhu Yongchun wrote a biography: "Its most authentic "Zhijia Maxim", south of Jianghuai, is hung on the wall, called 'Zhu Zi Family Training', and Gai Zun Zhi Ruo Kao Ting Yan. It can be seen that some people, out of praise, want to honor Zhu Yongchun as "today's Ziyang", and then call his writing "Zhu ZiJia Training".

　　Second, the disciple wrote a book saying. Zhu Yongchun had a disciple named Gu Yi, who compiled a "Zhu Zi Family Training Testimony" to explain the "Aphorisms of Governing the Family". Because the ancient society "zi" also applies to respected teachers or moral and learned people, as a student, it is possible to refer to teachers surnamed Zhu as "Zhu zi". Zhu Yongchun was a learned Confucian who had long taught the township and was respected. Gu Yi, out of respect for his mentor and his admiration for his learning, called the "Aphorisms for Governing the Family" the "Zhu zi family training", and the name "Zhu Zi" here has the meaning of respecting the teacher. Later generations lost their investigation and mistakenly believed that "Zhu Zi" was referring to Zhu Xi, which led to false rumors.

　　Third, others misunderstand it. The unsigned Motto of the Family is an important reason for the misnaming. The couplets written by Zhu Daman have aroused associations, speculations and misunderstandings of posterity. Zhu Xi once lectured in Bailu Cave and also wrote "family training", and the world mistakenly believed that the "Zhijia Maxim" was "written by Zhu Xi of Xin'an", and together with the famous Qing Dynasty scholar Chen Hongmou, when compiling the "Five Testament Rules", he also said that the "Zhu Zi Zhijia Maxim" was written by Zhu Xi. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the "Maxims of Governing the Family" was printed in large quantities as a book of exhortations and given to ordinary people, most of whom were titled "Zhuzi". There are explanatory works such as Zhu Fengming's "Zhu Zi Jia Xun Yanyi", Shanghai Hongda Shan Bookstore lithographic "Zhu Zi Jia Xun Vernacular Sentence Interpretation", etc.; there are illustrated books such as The Shanghai Chang Literature Bureau's "Drawing Zhu Zi Zhi Jia Maxim", etc.; and there are also Qing Dynasty Jin Guojun's "Zhu Zi Jia Xun Trial Post" to interpret the original text with verses. In addition, the calligraphy works of many celebrities were widely disseminated, such as Lin Zexu's handwritten "Zhu Fuzi Zhijia Maxim". All this undoubtedly deepens people's misunderstanding of the author and naming of the "Aphorism for Governing the Family".

　　The name and spread of zhu zi family training

　　Zhu Xi (1130-1200) was a generation of Hong Confucians after Kong Meng, and his ideas were not only regarded as official studies by later generations, but also spread at home and abroad. As early as more than 400 years before Zhu Yongchun's birth, Zhu Xi had already written the "Family Training", which was only more than 300 words, and began with "The Noble One of the King's Places, Ren Ye". Different from the huge system of traditional family training in the past, Zhu Xi integrated the vast and subtle principles of righteousness into the moral practice of daily life, and created a refined, simple and philosophical traditional family training style. Zhu Xi's writing titled "Zhu Zi Jia Xun" has its full rationality.

　　First of all, judging from the author's title, "Zhuzi" is the recognized honorific title for Zhu Xi. Zhu Xi regarded children's education as the beginning and foundation of moral education. Faced with the turmoil of the social order of the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi hoped to rebuild the social moral system through child education and family ethics. His disciple Huang Gan had a saying: "Mr. Huang is tired and weary, and no thought is absent from his home country." Hearing the loss of the times and politics, there is a sad color of hesitation, and the language and the country's momentum are not vibrant, and they sigh and cry. In his later years, Zhu Xi composed the "Family Training" to instruct the children of the family, which was often published in the Zhu family genealogy and was regarded by the clan as the "Bible" for self-cultivation, Qi family, and life, and later because of Zhu Xi's honorific title, it was named "Zhu Zi Family Training".

　　Secondly, from the perspective of academic thought, the "Family Training" is subordinate to the Zhuzi ideological system. Tongmeng education is an important component of Zhuzi's ideological system. From the perspective of what Mr. Shu Jingnan called the "humanistic four-book system", it can be seen that Zhu Xi unified the teaching of "theory" with the teaching of "things", believing that "primary school is a matter", that is, teaching to act according to rules, while universities are "inventing the reason for this matter". Therefore, Zhu Xi not only focused on the "Four Books, Chapters and Sentences" that explained the way of Mingde, but also created the "Primary School" with the daily cultivation methods such as sweeping, coping, and advancing and retreating as the main content. According to this, Zhu Xi also believes that "reason" and "things" in family education should not be abandoned, "Family Training" focuses on expounding righteousness, and other articles such as "Zhu Zi Family Ritual" and "Instructions for Children and Meng" state specific norms of behavior, thus forming a complete ideological system of children's education that complements daily use and righteousness.

　　Finally, from the perspective of cultural dissemination, Zhu Xi's writing "Zhu Zi Family Training" was far away. Originally taught within the clan, the Family Training was contained in the Ziyang Zhu Clan Genealogy, which was repeatedly re-cultivated and passed down from generation to generation. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was also included in the "Supplement to the Complete Works of Wen Gong" and the "Compilation of the Complete Works of Zhu Zi" published by Zhu Pei and Zhu Yu, the descendants of zhu shi. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Xi's name of writing "Zhu Zi Family Training" had spread far and wide abroad, but unfortunately it did not attract the attention of the public outside the clan. The vast number of people in the world have not seen the true face of "Zhu Zi Family Training", which objectively led to the misname of "Aphorisms for Governing the Family".

　　A journey of responsibility in name only

　　The Zhu Zi Family Training and the Aphorisms of Governing the Family are living inheritances of traditional Chinese Qi family thought, and contain rich ideological wisdom in moral education and family governance. Correcting the name is not only to identify the two family trainings themselves, but also a necessary prerequisite for realizing the exploration of their cultural values.

　　First, examine the author. Qing Dynasty scholars examined many aspects and clarified that the "Maxim of Governing the Family" was composed by Zhu Yongchun. In 1785, Gu Gongxie's "Excerpt from the Record of Leisure and Leisure" said: "The "Zhuzi Maxim" was composed by Zhu Bailu of Kunshan, not Wen Gongye. Later, Weng Fanggang's "Fuchu Zhai Anthology" pointed out: "The "Zhu Zi Family Training" of the State Dynasty was extremely important in Japanese use, and this was written by Zhu Bailu in the early Kangxi Dynasty, and it was falsely rumored to be Zhu Wen's family training, and he did not know that Bai Lu was not known. None of the above has changed the title of "Zhu Zi". In 1880, Jin Wulan and others compiled the "Chronicle of Mr. Zhu Bailu Without Deception", which was repeated in the preface and commentary. If we compare it with Zhu Yongchun's other "Persuasion", we will find that the "Aphorism for Governing the Family" can be described as a companion piece to the "Persuasion", and the ideological consistency of the two books can also confirm that the "Aphorism for Governing the Family" was written by Zhu Yongchun. Later generations of villagers admired Zhu Yongchun's knowledge and integrity as a person, built a memorial hall to commemorate Zhu Yongchun, inlaid a stele of the "Zhijia Maxim" on the wall of the ancestral hall, and wrote an inscription to indicate the identity of the author, all of which became an important practice to promote the correct name of the "Zhijia Maxim".

　　Second, identify the text. Although it has been confirmed in the Qing Dynasty that zhu Yongchun wrote it, it has not yet stopped its misguided title as Zhu Zi Jiaxun, and many publications have also followed this title, as if the relationship between the two has not been fundamentally clarified. "Zhu Zi Family Training" is slightly simplified and created earlier, with higher intentions and more philosophical reason, and integrates the basic ethical norms of society from a high degree of theoretical thought. "Aphorisms for Governing the Family" is meticulous in narrative and popular in discourse, containing rich life principles and life experience, and has the advantages of neat and harmonious rhyme. The two are not unrelated, but they are in the same line of ideology and righteousness, and the mellow theoretical ideas conveyed by "Zhu Zi Jia Xun" also profoundly affect the creation of "Zhijia Maxim". As a theologian, Zhu Yongchun must have inherited the idea of governing the family advocated by his ancestor Zhu Xi, and wrote the "Maxim of Governing the Family" that is loved by the world.

　　Third, be cautious and correct your name. The Chinese tradition holds that "name" is a basic issue of principle, confucius said that "it must also be corrected", and correcting the name is the key to eliminating academic controversy and doubt. The wide circulation of the Zhu zi family training and the "ZhiJia Maxim" shows that both have a very high status, influence and value in the history of traditional family training. Therefore, he corrected the name, using "Zhu Zi Jia Xun" as the proper name of Zhu Xi's writing, and also restored Zhu Yongchun's name of "Aphorisms for Governing the Family" to block the troubles caused by misunderstanding and misuse.

　　【This paper is a phased result of the Fujian Provincial Social Science Planning Project "Research on the Interpretation of Modernity of Zhu ZiliXue" (FJ2019C027)】

　　(Author Affilications:School of Marxism, Fujian Normal University)

Source: China Social Science Network - China Social Science Daily Author: Chen Suzhen

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