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The city walls of the Ming and Qing dynasties in Huazhou

Author: Zhang Ming

According to the "Huaxian Chronicles", Huazhou has compiled 10 chronicles, and the earliest one preserved is the "Huazhou Chronicles" written by Zhang Guangxiao in the 6th year of Longqing in the Ming Dynasty (1572), and the previous chronicles have been lost. At the beginning of "Huazhou Chronicles, Illustrated Examination", it is said that "the husband is in the form of columns, and the book is in the form of columns, and it is not easy in ancient and modern times", which includes two maps of Huazhou city walls. One of them is a broken line and a straight line. Unfortunately, the chronicle does not explain the origin of the castle wall diagram in which the north wall is a straight line and the castle wall is in the shape of a "mouth", and what era the castle wall map is. If combined with the city wall map in the "Three Continuations of Huazhou Chronicles" revised in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, it can be determined that the north wall of the Huazhou city wall in the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty is a broken line, and the bird's-eye view of the city wall is a "concave" shape.

The city walls of the Ming and Qing dynasties in Huazhou

"Huazhou Chronicles • Construction" records the administrative office (office) of Huazhou at that time: Huazhou administrative office is in the south gate, and it is built by Hu Gongwei Junjun in the second year of Hongwu, 300 steps (480m) from east to west and 400 steps (640m) from north to south. Unfortunately, the Huazhou Chronicles only describes some of the processes of rebuilding the city walls after the Ming Dynasty earthquake, and does not mention the size and dimensions of the city walls. The subsequent "Continuation of Huazhou Chronicles" and "Continuation of Huazhou Chronicles" also do not deal with the pattern, size and dimensions of the Huazhou city wall.

In the 8th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1882), Liu Yu wrote the "Three Continuations of Huazhou Chronicles" with a map of the city walls of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and in the section of "city walls", the city walls of the Qing Dynasty were recorded: in July of the seventh year of Tongzhi, Wang Zanxiang of Zhizhou built a small city in Gaofu in the southeast corner of the old city, creating a west wall and a north wall of 389 zhang (1244.8m), and its east and south walls are still covered with defects, and the surrounding area is 4 miles and 1 minute long, 738 zhang (2361.6m). The height varies from 2 zhang to 4 zhang, the lower width is 2 zhang 5 feet, and the top width is 1 zhang 5 feet.

During the Republic of China, Mr. Gu Yishan wrote the "Manuscript of Rebuilding Huaxian County", which included the "Huaxian County Chengguan Map" surveyed and mapped by the Construction Section of the Huaxian County Government of the Republic of China, and the map of the city wall of the Ming and Qing dynasties in Huazhou. The map is drawn with modern surveying and mapping technology, with a scale, up the north and down the south, left west and right east, which is the most valuable material for studying the city wall of Qingzhou in the Ming Dynasty. Figure 3 Compared with Figure 2, the shape of the north wall of the Ming Dynasty city wall of Huazhou has changed significantly, indicating that the Ming city wall of Huazhou has undergone major repairs during this period.

According to the "Manuscript of Rebuilding Huaxian County", the Republic of China has accurately measured the circumference of the Qing Dynasty city wall in Huazhou, which is 2394.55 meters. Why is the measured value during the Republic of China 32.95m larger than the record in the "Three Continuations of Huazhou Chronicles"?

There is a record of the city wall "2 zhang 5 feet wide" in the "Three Continuation Huazhou Chronicles", and 2 zhang 5 feet is 8m. The difference between the measured value and the recorded bottom of the castle wall is almost four times the width of the bottom of the castle wall. Obviously, the perimeter recorded in the "Three Continuations of Huazhou Chronicles" is the length of the center line of the city wall, and the outer perimeter of the city wall is recorded in the "Manuscript of the Chronicles of Rebuilding Huaxian County", and the difference is due to the difference in the measurement standards selected by the two. According to the memories of the elders in Huazhou District, until the Cultural Revolution, the south gate, east gate and city gate tower of Huazhou city wall. In the case of decayed walls, uneven roofs, and the presence of structures, it is difficult to measure the length of the center line of the castle walls, and it is difficult to obtain accurate measurements. During the Republic of China, the perimeter of the city wall was measured with the periphery as the benchmark, which had the advantages of convenient measurement and accurate value.

Although the Qing Dynasty city wall is now gone, the elderly over 60 years old in the urban area of Huazhou today have seen most of the Qing Dynasty city walls or remnants with their own eyes, which can clearly indicate where the Qing Dynasty city walls are today. In the article "The Changes of Huazhou City", Mr. Yan Guangqin has made a very clear record of where the Qing city wall is now.

However, the location of the Ming Dynasty city wall in Huazhou has become a problem that needs to be studied. The author believes that based on the "Huaxian County Map of Chengguan" contained in the "Manuscript of Rebuilding Huaxian County", the current site of the Ming Dynasty city wall in Huazhou can be basically restored by using electronic maps (such as Baidu maps) and computer technology.

The drawings and chapters in the "Manuscript of Rebuilding Huaxian County Chronicles" involved in the article are provided by Mr. Yan Guangqin of the Huazhou District History Office, and I am deeply grateful!

Zhang Ming in Weihai on October 13, 2016

Source: Author's contribution

Original author: Zhang Ming

Collation and editing: Huazhou Literature and History