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preface
King Wenceslas III of Bohemia was assassinated in Olomouc, and the Przemysl dynasty collapsed. After that, Bohemia was never really ruled by a dynasty.
The Austrian royal family took the opportunity to take steps to profit from it. Archduke Albrecht I of Austria considered Bohemia not only a fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire, but also a part of a family domain.
Bohemia under the rule of the Luxembourg dynasty
Albrecht I called on the Bohemian nobles to elect their eldest son, Rudolph, and coerced these nobles by force to carry out the order, thus forcing the Bohemian nobles to elect Rudolf as King of Bohemia in 1307, and even guaranteeing his brother undisputed succession after Rudolf's death.
Albrecht I also granted Rudolf and his other sons a privilege that nullified elections while depriving the nobility of the fundamental right to dispose of the crown. However, a small number of Bohemian nobles refused to recognize King Rudolf I of the New Bohemian Kingdom.
King Rudolf I of Bohemia was forced to use force, but died in 1307 during the siege of Horajgiovice. The Bohemian nobility refused to declare Frederick Frederick, the younger brother of King Rudolf I of Bohemia, as heir, and instead supported Henry of Tyrol, Count of Tyrol and Duke of Carinthia, who married Anne of Bohemia, daughter of King Wenceslas II of Bohemia.
Albrecht I again invaded the Kingdom of Bohemia, but was forced to retreat after the unsuccessful siege of Kutenberg.
Henry, Count of Tyrol and Duke of Carinthia, did not reign long. He turned out to be incompetent, supported the Germans, sobedited rebellion. No sooner had the Luxembourg royal family upheld royal dignity in the name of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, the Bohemian nobility gave the crown to Henry VII's son John on the condition that John marry Wenceslas II's daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia.
In 1310, John married Elizabeth of Bohemia in Spear. Henry VII gave John the royal flag of Bohemia as a sign of authority. The revolt of Henry, Count of Tyrol and Duke of Carinthia, was successfully suppressed. After the surrender of Prague, the entire Kingdom of Bohemia was given to John.
From 1310 to 1437, the Luxembourg royal occupation of Bohemia lasted a total of 127 years, contributing greatly to the union of the Kingdom of Bohemia with the Holy Roman Empire. During this period, the Germans were always favored and posed a potential threat to the political life of the Kingdom of Bohemia.
John, who became King of Bohemia, was a stranger to the Kingdom of Bohemia all his life. He reluctantly learned the Bohemian language and considered the Kingdom of Bohemia to be an exploited state.
He was passionate about bizarre adventures and was more like a knight than a king; He had a capricious temperament and was interested in the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. Although only fourteen years old when he ascended the throne, the situation in Bohemia was very good in the early years of John I's reign.
The Austrian Habsburgs, Moravia, gained from Bohemia, were united with parts of Lusatia and Görlitz. In most of Silesia, the suzerainty of Bohemia was guaranteed.
As a result, the territory of the Kingdom of Bohemia increased considerably. However, John I's extravagance, disputes within the royal family, and favoritism toward the Germans churned the Kingdom of Bohemia. In addition, John I interfered in everything that happened abroad. But one of his friends said it was a good thing, because of the popular saying at the time: "Nothing can be achieved without the help of God and the king of the Kingdom of Bohemia." ”
Expedition of John I
John I made several expeditions. He helped the Duke of Bavaria against the Habsburgs and captured Frederick the Austrian Archduke "Beautiful Man" at Mirdorf; Trying to get Tyrol for his son. He began to join the Lombard cities against Mastino II de la Scala and led an army into Lombardy, conquering most of northern Italy.
John I made enemies everywhere, and the people rebelled against him. The monarchs of Central Europe, the Holy Roman Emperor, the Dukes of Bavaria, the Archdukes of Austria, the King of Hungary, and the King of Poland united against him. Although John I often achieved success, wars and acquired exploits did not help the Kingdom of Bohemia.
John I squandered the royal income and mortgaged the kingdom's fiefdoms: all royal castles except the castle in Prague were mortgaged. Every time John I returned to Bohemia, it was accompanied by new taxes, new loans, and another devaluation of the currency.
As a result, John I lost the trust of his subjects, and the authority of his generals ceased to exist. These military generals ceased to obey the king and maintained their rule by force alone.
When John I was not at war, he spent his time in various competitions, and most of the time stayed in the hereditary lands of Luxembourg or squandered money extorted from his subjects at the court of Paris. In the absence of John I, the Kingdom of Bohemia was administered by lords who managed the royal income.
In 1330, Elizabeth of Bohemia died. She never accompanied her husband John I and lived in loneliness, living a life inferior to that of a widow.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV went to live in Bohemia. He grew up at the court of the Kingdom of France, where he learned economics and shrewd management. He did his best to restore fiscal order to the Kingdom of Bohemia with great success.
Thus, in 1333, John I appointed Charles IV as co-regent. The War of the Holy Roman Succession broke out in Carinthia.
John I opposed Louis IV becoming Holy Roman Emperor, and soon after the outbreak of war, he cooperated with Pope Clement VI to successfully obtain his son Charles IV from the five electors and elected Holy Roman Emperor. But this unexpected victory did not allow John I's victory to last.
In 1337, during an expedition against the Lithuanian "infidels", John I became blind in one eye. In 1339, due to the doctor's incompetence, he also lost sight in his other eye.
However, the blindness in both eyes did not affect John I's warlike temperament in the slightest. Hearing the news of the English invasion of the Kingdom of France, John I rushed to the aid of his relative Philip of Valois. In 1346, John I was seriously wounded at the Battle of Crécy.
Charles IV stabilized his regime
With the election of Charles IV, the center of gravity of the Holy Roman Empire shifted to Central Europe. After that, the center of gravity of the empire was first in Bohemia and then in Austria. In general, German historians did not speak highly of Charles IV, while Bohemian historians were keen to glorify Charles IV and call him the "father of the nation". Charles IV's father, John I, left him with a large number of difficult and arduous tasks.
Therefore, he must give it his all. He tightly controlled royal income, freeing the territory from mortgages; reorganizing the judiciary and cracking down on bandits; Divide the kingdom into twelve classes and revitalize industry and commerce.
In 1348, the founding of the University of Prague marked the beginning of the reign of Charles IV. According to the custom of the time, the University of Prague consisted of four nationalities - Czechs, Poles, Bavarians and Saxons. Many Germans were also attracted to Prague by the University of Prague and gradually gained a dominant influence here, especially after the establishment of the University of Krakow.
Since then, the ethnic representatives of Poles at Prague University have been Germans from Silesia. Therefore, the Czechs were long replaced by the Germans. With these universities, Prague became not only the intellectual center of Bohemia, but also the academic center of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland.
As patron of the humanities, Charles IV decorated Prague with many historical buildings. These historic buildings are still the pride of Prague to this day. Charles IV rebuilt St. Vitus Cathedral in the French Gothic style, built the famous stone bridge in Prague and perhaps the most beautiful in Europe, built the Royal Castle of Prague with a gilded roof modeled after the Louvre, and built Karlštejn Castle near Belon to display the royal coat of arms and the crown of St. Wenceslas.
The Kingdom of Bohemia fell
In 1416, the Synod also burned Jerome of Prague, one of Jan Hus's most faithful followers. The eloquent eloquence of Jerome of Prague even spread the teachings of Jan Huss to Poland and Lithuania.
According to some particular religious views, Jan Hus is often regarded by foreigners as a famous "pagan", admired and hated by others. The Slavic peoples, especially the Bohemias, regarded Jan Hus as a genius writer, a language innovator and a heroic defender of the nation.
Jan Huss and Martin Luther have much in common. Martin Luther's contribution to the German language, Jan Huss did the same for the Czech language a century ago. Jan Hus was not satisfied that his work was a good example of work.
He worked hard to correct the national orthography, painstakingly adapting the Latin alphabet to the soft and hoarse pronunciation of Slavic, and expelling German from Slavonic, just as he had expelled Germans from Prague University.
Jan Hus wrote: "When Nehemiah reproachs Jewish children for speaking Ashdod slang but not knowing anything about Hebrew, all Prague people should be punished, as should all Czechs who speak both German and Czech." We listened to them, but we didn't understand them at all. "Jan Hus's religious and controversial writings and his letters written in Constance have long been considered exemplary in writing style.
As a poet, Jan Huss wrote hymns and composed them into music. Thus, as critics say, Jan Huss reformed religious music.
However, it was not the genius of the priest Jan Huss that impressed the Czechs, but the simplicity of his life, the nobility of his character and the heroism he displayed at the time of his martyrdom. The synod wanted to erase all traces of Jan Huss from the face of the earth.
So they burned Jan Hus's clothes and scattered his ashes into the Rhine. They believe that the Church has expelled the souls of the Reformed and conquered Bohemia. However, when the burning at the stake that brought down Jan Hus was lit, a fire that could destroy the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire suddenly burst out, extinguished only by the blood of countless martyrs.
《References》
Schnitzler's Century" by Peter. Peter Gay p360
History of the Austro-Hungarian Empire [fr] Paul Louis Léger, p. 233
The End of the Empire: Austro-Hungarian Age Life Book p299
History of Austria (Austria) Erich Zerner p349
History of the World Empire: He Rong of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, p. 166