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Editor丨Unknown handsome
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preface
Ancient Egypt is one of the oldest civilizations in the world, and its 3,000-year-long history has left a rich cultural heritage and ways of administration.
In ancient Egypt, there were unique management methods in politics, economy, society, culture and religion, and these management methods had a profound impact on the people of the time.
This article will analyze the management methods of the ancient Egyptian period, and explore its impact on ancient Egyptian society, as well as the economic, social, cultural and religious life of the people at that time.
By studying the management methods of the ancient Egyptian period, we can better understand the rise and development of this civilization, and we can also better understand the limitations of the management methods in today's society and the future development direction.
The ancient Egyptian management model and its influence in various aspects
The political system of ancient Egypt was mainly an absolute monarchy, and the pharaoh was the supreme leader of the state, wielding all political, military and religious power. Under this system, the state was able to maintain a relatively stable political situation and social order.
But at the same time, it has also caused problems such as the high concentration of political power in the country, the huge bureaucracy, and the lack of democratic system.
The social hierarchy of ancient Egypt was mainly divided into two classes, nobles and commoners, and slaves were also part of society. The nobility enjoyed privileges and status, with a great deal of wealth and land.
Civilians and slaves had no political rights or social status and lived in poverty and misery. This social hierarchy not only leads to the division and injustice of the upper and lower strata of society, but also restricts the development and progress of society.
The economy of ancient Egypt was mainly based on agriculture, but it also developed handicrafts and commerce, and foreign trade. By collecting taxes and controlling the aristocracy and bureaucracy, the government allowed the economy to flow mainly to the elite, limiting its development and popularization.
In addition, the government controls the distribution of land and resources through centralized management, which also limits the production and development of farmers.
The culture and religion of ancient Egypt had a profound impact on the people of the time. The religious beliefs of ancient Egypt influenced the behavior and values of the people, and also promoted the development of cultural fields such as art, architecture, and literature.
The government has also consolidated political and social stability through the unity of religion and culture. However, there were also restrictions and conservatism in the culture and religion of ancient Egypt, which brought certain constraints to the thinking and innovation of the people at that time.
However, the ancient Egyptian model of governance also had its positive side, such as the control and unity of the government promoted social and political stability and development, and cultural and religious beliefs influenced the behavior and values of the people, as well as the development and prosperity of the cultural field.
At the same time, the management model of ancient Egypt is also a product of history, and it also has its inevitability and rationality under the environment and conditions at that time.
The bureaucracy of ancient Egypt and the enormous power of the pharaohs
The bureaucracy of ancient Egypt was gradually established during the early dynastic period, while it was more refined and standardized during the New Kingdom. The bureaucracy was created to maintain political stability and centralization in order to better manage the country and its people.
In the bureaucracy of ancient Egypt, high-ranking officials were appointed by kings, who were responsible for managing the affairs of various regions, supervising taxes, taking charge of public works, etc.
Subordinate officials are appointed by senior officials who are responsible for specific matters and management. Officials are promoted and promoted in positions based on their competence and loyalty.
Pharaoh reigned supreme in politics and society in ancient Egypt and was considered the embodiment of gods and a symbol of the state. The pharaohs had absolute power, they controlled the financial, military, and administrative aspects of the state, and they also had theocratic power.
And the power of the pharaohs was derived from their family lineage and was also guaranteed by religious ceremonies and sacrifices. The position and power of the pharaohs allowed them to control the country and its people, but they also had to bear the heavy responsibility and pressure of running the country.
During the history of ancient Egypt, there were pharaohs who were able to maintain political and social stability and promote cultural and economic development, but there were also pharaohs who ruled in turmoil and turmoil.
Pharaoh's theocracy and kingship were interrelated. They demonstrate their divine status and power through religious ceremonies and sacrifices and maintain the legitimacy of their rule.
In addition, the pharaohs also played an important role in the field of culture, and their contributions to architecture, literature and art are remembered by posterity.
Although the pharaohs of ancient Egypt were powerful, they were also limited to some extent by bureaucracy and social hierarchy.
The pharaohs needed to rely on the support of high-ranking officials and nobles to maintain their rule and power, and these officials and nobles also had their own interests and powers.
Therefore, the pharaoh needed to balance and satisfy the interests of all parties while maintaining his rule and control of society.
In addition, the power of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh was also affected by the external environment, such as geographical environment, diplomatic relations, etc., which affected the scope and influence of the pharaoh's power.
Class and slave relations between ancient Egyptian nobles and commoners
Society in ancient Egypt was divided into three classes: nobles, commoners, and slaves. The aristocracy was the ruling class of ancient Egyptian society, they were usually kings, bureaucrats, and priests, who owned land and property, and enjoyed privileges and power.
Commoners were the majority of ancient Egyptian society, who worked in various occupations such as farmers, craftsmen, merchants, etc., and sometimes also had certain property and power.
Slaves were the lowest class, treated as property and goods, owned by the nobility and the rich, and used as labor and services.
In ancient Egypt, there were two main sources of slaves: war and debt. In war, the population of the victorious tribe and country was often captured and turned into slavery.
These slaves were used as labor in agriculture, construction, and handicrafts. Debt slaves were forced into slavery because borrowers could not pay their debts, and their labor was occupied by the aristocracy and the rich.
In addition, slaves could also be transferred and exchanged by way of buying and selling.
In ancient Egyptian society, slaves were treated as property rather than human beings, deprived of their freedom and dignity and required to obey the orders and management of their masters.
Slaves had no social status or political power, and their lives and destinies were completely at the mercy of their masters.
And the existence of slavery made ancient Egyptian society have serious social classes and wealth differentiation, and the rich and aristocratic held a lot of wealth and power.
Slaves, on the other hand, were at the bottom, deprived of freedom and equal opportunities due to poverty and harsh living conditions.
Development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts in ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a society dominated by agriculture, and agricultural production was the basis of the ancient Egyptian economy. The ancient Egyptians mainly cultivated crops such as wheat, barley, cotton, vegetables and rice, and used the irrigation water of the Nile River for cultivation, using the planting method of three crops a year, achieving high yield and efficient agricultural production.
And the development of commerce in ancient Egypt mainly depended on the transportation and trade of the Nile. Due to the fertile and densely populated land along the Nile, many towns and markets were formed, and trade gradually flourished.
Their commerce tends to be dominated by exchange and trade, with a small amount of monetary transactions. Commercial activities in ancient Egypt were mainly concentrated in markets and ports, the most famous of which was Alexandria, an important trading port connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and one of the international trading centers of ancient Egypt.
Moreover, the handicraft industry in ancient Egypt was also very developed. In ancient Egypt, artisans were usually independent artisans who made crafts and produced everyday objects.
Ancient Egyptian craftsmen produced many exquisite crafts such as pottery, textiles, metal utensils and stone carvings, which already enjoyed a high reputation at the time, and modern archaeological research has also proved the high level of craftsmanship in ancient Egypt.
Although the development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts in ancient Egypt also brought certain social divisions and class differences. The aristocracy had more land and resources, and those engaged in commerce and handicrafts also had a certain accumulation of wealth.
Compared with the aristocracy, the living and economic situation of ordinary people is more difficult, most of them rely on agricultural production for their livelihood, and their living standards are relatively low.
The influence of ancient Egyptian culture, art and architecture on today's world
The writing system of ancient Egypt was one of the earliest scripts in human history, which had an important impact on the development of later writing and writing. Ancient Egypt also produced a large number of excellent literary works, such as the Book of the Dead, the Pyramid Anthology, etc., which had an impact on later literature and philosophy.
And the works of art of ancient Egypt are exquisite, especially in sculpture and frescoes. The artistic styles and themes of ancient Egypt had a great influence on later art, such as in modern decorative arts, we can see the shadow of ancient Egyptian art.
Ancient Egypt had huge architectural objects and beautiful shapes, such as pyramids, temples, mausoleums and so on. The architectural techniques and designs of ancient Egypt had a great influence on later architecture and urban planning, such as Egyptian columns, Egyptian arches and so on.
These ancient Egyptians had excellent technology and knowledge in agriculture, water conservancy, construction, pottery and other fields, which had a great impact on the later development of science and technology.
For example, the ancient Egyptians invented practical tools and machinery, such as simple pulleys, ladders, bandages, and so on. These inventions not only made ancient Egyptian construction more complex, but also provided an important basis for later technological development.
Ancient Egypt had a complete education system, the most important part of which was the training of bureaucrats. This education system had a great influence on the later education system and cultural development.
However, the social system and class division of ancient Egypt had a certain impact on the social structure and class differentiation of modern society.
Ancient Egyptian society was divided into three classes: nobility, commoners and slaves, and the relationship and status distribution of these classes influenced the political and economic development of ancient Egypt, as well as the social structure and class differentiation of modern society.
Author's opinion:
Ancient Egypt is an ancient civilization with a long history, and its management model, social system, culture and art, architecture, science and technology have all had a profound impact on modern society.
The bureaucracy of ancient Egypt and the power distribution methods of the pharaohs had an important impact on the political and social order of the time, and also provided reference for the later administrative system and power distribution model.
And the development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts in ancient Egypt played an important role in promoting the economic development at that time, and had a profound impact on the later development of commerce and handicrafts.
Their culture, art and architecture have had a profound impact on modern society, especially in the field of art, and the artistic styles and expressions of ancient Egypt are still widely adopted and imitated today.
In short, ancient Egyptian civilization is a very important cultural treasure in human history, and its far-reaching influence is still attracting people's attention and research.
Bibliography:
The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt by Ian Shaw (2000)
Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization by Barry J. Kemp (2006)
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson (2010)
4. Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to Goddesses, Goddesses, and Traditions in Ancient Egypt" by Geraldine Pinch (2004)
5) The Complete Pyramids by Mark Lehner (2008)