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A Brief History of Australia

author:There is a Buddha in the empty door

Humans first reached the Australian continent around 58,000 BC until European explorers arrived again in 1606

Aboriginal Australia is a general term for the peoples who lived on the Australian mainland and its nearby islands before European colonization

Including Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders

Aboriginal Australians refer to the aboriginal people of mainland Australia, Tasmania and other neighbouring islands

Torres Strait Islanders refer to the Aboriginal people of the Torres Strait Islands living in the northern tip of Queensland, northeast Australia

The Denisovans are an extinct species found in hominin fossils that probably lived in the late Pleistocene

Walking on two legs, body structure different from modern and Neanderthals, Neanderthal sisterhood (same ancestor)

In 1803, the Tasmanian Aborigines were invaded by the British, numbering between 3,000 and 15,000

In 1833 the Governor of Tasmania persuaded the Aboriginal Tasmanians to surrender to the government, guaranteeing food and shelter

The indigenous people moved to Flinders Island, and Europe brought diseases that led to a continuous decline in population and eventual extinction

The remaining survivors moved to Oyster Bay in 1847, with the last male dying in 1869 and the last female dying in 1876

Historians, scientists and anthropologists agree that the Tasmanian Aborigines as a nation are extinct

There are still people of mixed descent from the Aborigines on Tasmania, and the language and most cultures have been lost

Pedro Fernández de Quiros, Renaissance explorer, explorer of the Pacific Ocean

In 1595-1596, Spanish navigators followed in an attempt to discover the fabled unknown southern continent, namely Australia

In 1605-1606, the Pacific Ocean was crossed in search of mainland Australia, without actually landing or forming a colony

It entered the colonial period of the British Empire in 1788 and spent most of the 19th century as a penal colony for European prisoners

Dutch explorer Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga

James Cook, known as Captain Cook, was an officer in the Royal Navy, navigator, explorer and cartographer

The first Europeans to land on the east coast of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, the first European ships to circumnavigate New Zealand

Cook traveled to the Pacific Ocean, deep into the uncharted West, mapping New Zealand and Hawaii's Pacific islands

The accuracy and scale of the map are unmatched by previous ones, and many new islands and things have been named along the way

Most of the islands and coastlines were mapped, first appearing in Western atlases and nautical atlases

In 1779, Cook made his third exploration of the Pacific Ocean and was killed in a fight with Hawaiian islanders

Cook contributed to the knowledge of nautical science and geography, and his influence continued into the 20th century

The Western colonization of the Pacific Ocean brought about a dramatic change in the way the indigenous people lived

Australian Prison Site, Sydney, Tasmania, Norfolk Island and Fremantle, Australia

From 1787 to 1868, Britain built prisons and penal colonies for convicts in coastal Australia

Port Arthur Prison is currently the best preserved prison monument, Australia's Gulag

The prison is surrounded by mountains, and it is the most eerie for exiles, the cave of hell

British Admiral Arthur Phillip was sent to establish a penal colony in New South Wales, Australia

In 1788, he arrived in New South Wales, chose Sydney to establish a colony, and later served as the first Governor of New South Wales

In 1901, several colonies formed the Commonwealth of Australia and became part of the British Empire, which officially seceded in 1986

The horrific Aboriginal albino policy refers to the assimilation policy implemented in Australia from 1909 to 1969

Forcibly and permanently placed Indigenous children in the care of white families or government agencies, permanently separated from their parents

White families discriminated against indigenous people, and indigenous children learned white languages and lifestyles, lacking traditional education

After World War II, the main political parties in Australian politics were the Labor Party, the Liberal Party and the National Country Party

(1) In 1944, the former United Australia Party developed into the Liberal Party

Advocating free trade, developing private enterprise, opposing nationalization, representing industrial and financial monopoly capital groups

(2) The National Village Party was established in 1918 to represent the interests of large landowners and ranchers

It advocates the development of manufacturing and the protection of domestic primary product markets and prices, with the aim of safeguarding the interests of rural communities

The Liberal Party and the National Country Party had a long partnership and came to power, but were defeated by Labour in 1972

(3) The Labour Party was founded in 1891 to advocate democratic socialism and nationalization

It advocates restricting imports, protecting domestic industries, limiting monopolies, and ensuring full employment

In the sixties and seventies, four major conglomerates were formed, controlling the main economic sectors of the country, and foreign capital poured in

He won the 1972 general election to form a Labour government with Edward Whitlam as Prime Minister

In December 1975, the Liberal Party and the National Country Party came to power after victory in the general elections, and the Labour Party stepped down again

The economic recession of the early 80s led to the collapse of the coalition government of the Liberal Party and the National Village Party

Hawke won the 1983 general election to form the Hawke government, and in 1984 Hawke was re-elected as prime minister

Australia has long been in alliance with the United States and has actively followed it politically, economically and diplomatically

(1) In 1951, Australia signed the Australia-New Zealand-US Security Treaty with the United States and New Zealand, forming a three-country military alliance

In 1954, Australia acceded to the Southeast Asia Defense Treaty and agreed to the establishment of U.S. military facilities in Australia

In the 70s, Australia's pro-American alliance policy was criticized at home, and Australia sought to participate autonomously in international affairs

(2) Before World War II, Australia was economically heavily dependent on Britain, basically the British raw material base and commodity market

During the war, the connection between Britain and Australia was blocked, and Australia's local industry developed rapidly, and a relatively complete industrial system was established

In the 50s, the economy developed steadily, and there was a wool boom; In the 60s, economic strength was further strengthened, and there was a mining boom

Australia has changed from a country on the back of a sheep to a country sitting on a minecart, among the developed capitalist countries

In 1990, the development of sunlight energy into electric energy efficiency became the world's largest

The development of industry, agriculture and animal husbandry has promoted the rapid growth of foreign trade, and Australia has become one of the world's major trading countries

(3) Australia aims to build a country in science and technology, and attaches importance to the transformation of scientific research achievements into enterprise development

In 1992, the government presided over the establishment of a company to promote the conversion of new technologies into products and transfer new technologies abroad

(4) Australia pursues a foreign policy centered on the United States and maintains its own security as the norm of foreign policy

They follow the United States in all major international issues and actively use their presence in the Indian Ocean to ensure their own security

After the war, attention was paid to developing ties with countries in the Asia-Pacific region and to improving ties with third world countries

It advocates the reform of the old international economic order and advocates the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the South Pacific and a zone of peace in the Indian Ocean

Recognizing the right of the Israeli and Palestinian peoples to self-determination; Foreign troops withdraw from Lebanon and achieve peaceful reconciliation

B In 1943, diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union were established, and after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, sanctions and embargoes were imposed, demanding the unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops

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