A brief analysis of African Nubian culture
Nubia was a region along the Nile River, located in present-day northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It was one of the earliest civilizations in ancient Northeast Africa, dating back to at least 2000 BC and was home to one of the African empires.
There were many large Nubian kingdoms throughout the postclassical era, the last of which collapsed in 1504 CE, when Nubia was divided between Egypt and the Senar Sultanate, resulting in the Arabization of most of the Nubian population. Nubia was reunited in Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century and in the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956.
Kush
Before the 4th century and throughout the classical period, Nubia was known as Kush, or in classical Greek, including under the name of Ethiopia (Aithiopia).
It is recorded that Mentuhotep II (founder of the Middle Kingdom in the 21st century BC) launched an offensive against Kush in the 29th and 31st years of his reign. This is where Kush was first mentioned in Egypt.
The Nubian region had other names during the Old Kingdom. During the New Kingdom of Egypt, Nubia (Kush) was an Egyptian colony in the 16th century BC. With the dissolution of the New Kingdom around 1070 BC, Kush became an independent kingdom centered on Napata in the central part of the modern sultan.
Control of Egypt
King Arala of Kush was the first recorded prince of Nubia who founded the Napatan dynasty, the twenty-fifth generation of the Kush dynasty, in Napata in Nubia (now the Sultan).
Arala's successor, Kashta, extended Kusht control north to Esfin and Tibesin. Kashta's successor, Pierre, took control of Lower Egypt around 727 BC, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt.
The power of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty reached its peak under the reign of Pye's son Takharka. The Nile Valley Empire was as large as it was during the New Kingdom. A new boom revived Egyptian culture.
Religion, art, and architecture were restored to their glorious Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom forms. The Nubian pharaohs built or restored temples and monuments throughout the Nile Valley, including Memphis, Karnak, Kava, and Jebel Bakar.
It was during the 25th dynasty that the Nile Valley witnessed the first widely built pyramids since the Middle Kingdom (many in modern sultans). Around 700–600 BC, writing was introduced to Kush in the form of the Egyptian-influenced Mereuit script, although it seems to be completely confined to royal courts and major temples.
Between 674 BC and 671 BC, the Assyrians began invading Egypt under King Isaac Hadon. The Assyrian army has been the best in the world since the 14th century BC, and they conquered this vast territory with amazing speed. Takharka was ousted by Isaac Haton and fled back to his Nubian homeland.
However, without the assistance of the Assyrians, the native Egyptian vassal rulers installed by Isaac as a puppet could not effectively maintain full control for long.
Two years later, Takhalka returned from Nubia and took control of part of southern Egypt from the local vassals of Esar Haton, as far north as Memphis.
Isaac Haton's successor, Ashurbanipal sent General Tultanu with a small but well-trained army to defeat Takharka again and expel him from Egypt, where he was forced to flee back to his native Nubia, where he died two years later.
Takharka's successor, Tanutamun, attempted to regain Egypt. He succeeded in defeating Nico, a vassal ruler appointed by Ashurbanipal and, in the process, captured Thebes.
The Assyrians, who had a military presence in the north, then sent large armies south. Tantamani was defeated, and the Assyrian army sacked Thebes so much that it never really recovered.
Tantamani was driven back to Nubia and never threatened the Assyrian Empire again. A native Egyptian ruler, Semitius I, ascended the throne as a vassal of Ashurbanipal.
Migration to Meroe
Asperta, ruler of the Kingdom of Kush. 600 to Celsius. In 580 BC, the capital was probably moved to Meroe, further south than Napata, in 591 BC. It is also possible that Meroe has always been the capital of the Kushts.
Historians believe that the Kusht rulers probably chose Meroe as their home because, unlike Napata, there was enough woodland around Meroe to fuel iron smelting.
In addition, Kush no longer relied on the Nile to trade with the outside world. Instead, they could transport goods from Meroe to the Red Sea coast, which Greek merchants now frequently traveled.
The migration to Meroué became more complete around 300 BC when monarchs began to be buried there instead of Napata. One theory is that this represented a departure of the monarch from priestly power in Napata.
The Kusht civilization lasted for centuries. During the Napatan period, Egyptian hieroglyphs were used; Writing by this time seems to have been limited to courts and temples. From the 2nd century BC, there was a separate meroeic writing system.
It is a script of letters with twenty-three symbols, used in hieroglyphic form (mainly for monumental art) and cursive form. The latter is widely used. So far, 1278 texts using this version are known. The text has been deciphered, but the language behind it remains a problem, and modern scholars can only understand a few of them.
By the 1st or 2nd century AD, Kush began to decline as a great power, weakened by wars with the Roman province of Egypt and the decline of traditional industries. Christianity began to surpass the ancient pharaonic religion, and by the middle of the 6th century AD, the Kush kingdom disintegrated.
conclusion
Arabs and Nubians eventually poured into Egypt and Sudan, and after the collapse of the last Nubian kingdom around 1504, the Nubian identity was suppressed.
A large part of the modern Nubian population is completely Arabized, with some claiming to be Arabs. The vast majority of Nubians are currently Muslims, with Arabic being their primary language of communication, in addition to the indigenous ancient Nubian language. #历史开讲 #
