During the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the name of Emperor Gaozong's Zhao Zhi, it was renamed Gan Office or Gandang Imperial City Division. In fact, as a kind of actual dispatch, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, there were already titles such as "Commander of the Imperial City", "Commander of the Imperial City", and then historians, especially the Southern Song Dynasty, when tracing the relevant situation of this institution, were almost universally referred to as the Imperial City Division.
During the reign of Emperor Huizong, he also set up the post of Imperial City Division in the Imperial City Division. At the latest, in the first year of Xuanhe (1119), under the promotion of the Imperial City Division and above the Gandang Imperial City Division, the Imperial City Division was established, and until the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the title and composition of the Imperial City Division remained on the basic framework of the Imperial City Division, the Imperial City Division and the Imperial City Division.
As for the establishment of the chief officials of the two Song Dynasty Imperial City Divisions, the official 34-15 of the "Song Huiyi" quoted the record of the "History of the Two Dynasties" and said: "There are three officials who are engaged in business." "Zhongxing Hui" is "to raise official one, to mention point two, and to do five". From the beginning when the "History of the Two Dynasties" recorded that the number of members of the Imperial City Division was three, to the "Zhongxing Meeting" stating that the Imperial City Division was five members, and one member of the promotion official and two members of the promotion official were added, many changes have actually undergone before and after.
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the head of the Imperial City Division was four members. When he arrived at Renzong, as mentioned in the "History of the Two Dynasties" above, it was changed to "three officials and officials". In fact, the Renzong Dynasty was a period of drastic changes in the number of Imperial City Divisions.
First of all, there were three members, and by August of the second year of Jingyou (1035), the number of officials of the Imperial City was raised to five, and by the leap month of the eighth year of the Renzong Qingli (1048), the post of the Imperial City Division was increased to six, and then due to "several times the number of members, they were not selected" to four members, until September of the third year of Renzong Jiayu (1058), the number of officials of the imperial city quickly grew to nine.
There were also two major changes during the Shenzong Dynasty. On December 1, the first year of Xining (1068), "The Imperial City Division will henceforth be seven members, and the difference between two former class envoys and more will always be the formula." In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), the actual number soon exceeded ten, so Song Shenzong had to issue another edict to reduce it.
On 17 April, "the number of officials in the previous batch was large, except for those who were known to be in charge in both provinces, those who took the age were reduced, and ten members were retained, and no members should be placed outside from now on." It can be seen that before this, the number of officials of the Imperial City Director had reached more than a dozen, and there was a situation of "external staffing".
In the Huizong Dynasty, in order to strengthen the imperial rule, the prince was promoted to the Imperial City Division. There are two officers under it. And in August of the first year of Xuanhe (1119), from the Fujian Putian's "Shenxiao Yuqing Wanshou Palace Inscription", there was a setting of the Imperial City Division, and at least two members. It can be seen that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the chief of the Imperial City Department was actually composed of one member of the "lifting official", at least two lifting officials, and "two members of the business official".
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, it was increased to eight members, "raising officials one, raising points two, and doing five"; In the thirteenth year of Shaoxing (1143), when Qian Shu removed the imperial lieutenant, promoted the Imperial City Department, and introduced the Department", his post was set as "one member and three cadres, and the official of the gate".
The "Song Huiyi" and the "History of Song" contain that the chief of the imperial city was generally served by military ministers and eunuchs. Among them, the eunuchs were required to enter the inner escort class and Duzhi to serve as the post, but in April of the second year of the Zhenzong Daizhong Xiangfu (1009), he issued an edict that "the inner middle official does not want to be in another bureau", and for a period of time after that, the governor of the Imperial City no longer served as the inner escort class and Duzhi.
On December 3 of the second year of Emperor Renzong's reign (1035), there were more explicit regulations, "If you enter the inner hall and escort the shift, in the future, you will only have to know the front hall and escort the shift, and in the future, the front and back halls will know the escort class, and if you do not act as the imperial city division, see the person who is in charge, and replace it when the age is complete." And on December 1, the first year of Shenzong's Xining (1068), he decreed the Imperial City Division, "Sending two former class envoys above, forever as the formula".
In addition, Wu Zimu, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, recalled the relevant situation of the Imperial City Department of the Northern Song Dynasty and mentioned that the chief of the Imperial City Department "was a knowledgeable official, imperial belt, sanitation officer and leading office." In the Southern Song Dynasty, specific restrictions were made, and in August of the thirteenth year of Emperor Gaozong's Shaoxing (1143), he issued an edict "to serve as an official of the gate of the gate", and on November 26, the second year of Emperor Ningzong's Jiading (1209), the ministers asked for a special "knowledge of the gate, the imperial belt and the collar".
Among them, the martial ministers are generally the deputy of the envoys or martial arts masters and above, while the eunuchs are charged by the inner escort and the knowledge of the capital. The former is from the seventh product or the positive seventh product, and the latter is the positive sixth product. This limited the rank of the Imperial City Division to no lower rank than the seventh rank. At the beginning of the founding of the Song Dynasty, the power of the clan and town was gradually stripped away, and all domestic and foreign officials were uniformly appointed by the central government.
The Song Dynasty largely inherited the Tang Dynasty's system of appointing high-ranking officials by the emperor, that is, the system of special dismissal; The prime minister's office is to grant minor officials to the imperial court, that is, the court removal system; The Ministry of Officials pays attention to the system of grassroots officials throughout the country. In addition, the method of restricting subordinates by the governor has been followed to a limited extent, and the regional method of distinction has been implemented in Guangnan and other places.
The comprehensive application of various systems has a certain range of flexibility in a highly centralized manner. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there are still traces of special removal of the appointment of officials in the imperial city. For example, in June of the twenty-second year of Emperor Gaozong's Shaoxing (1152), he decreed Liu Ling, a person who was Xuanzanshe, and changed the right Wulang and the Imperial City Division; On November 8 of the second year of Emperor Ningzong's Jiading (1209), Zou Yinglong begged for the general "Jia Junming to be in charge of the Imperial City Division, waiting for the day to fill in the mission, serving as the commander to chase the sleep" and so on.
Since its establishment, the Imperial City Division has had a strong color of special purpose and removal. In the sixth year of Zhenghe (1116), Emperor Huizong specially promoted the post of Imperial City Division on the basis of his appointment as the Imperial City Division, and broke the practice of "the clan does not consular affairs", and let the third son of the emperor, Zhao Kai, assume this position, intending to replace the Eastern Palace and succeed the new monarch.
The special decree is even more powerful here, and it has become an effective way for emperors to transform their emotional factors into reality. Since then, the Imperial City Division has been specially removed. In addition, the re-appointment of the Imperial City Director generally needs to be specially removed. It is only a certain restriction on the incumbent.
In the sixth year of Yuan Yu (1091), it was stipulated that only eunuchs who served as the inner capital and the escort class could be re-elected. In the future, there were repeated increases and losses. From the perspective of historical vertical development, the emergence of this system of court removal was created after the officials sent out to pay attention to the shortcomings of officials at home and abroad. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, the expulsion system seriously violated the selection of officials.
It can be seen that during the Southern Song Dynasty, the authority of the prime minister was extremely expanded, and the power of the court was greatly expanded. So what is a dismissal? The so-called hall is removed, "the one who plays the bad is also." Wuchen is known as the Privy Councillor, or the Privy Councillor. "In the early Northern Song Dynasty, civil officials were presided over by Zhongshumen, and military attachés were presided over by the Privy Council, but those who concerned both aspects had to be reported to each other.
After the reform of Yuanfeng, the hall was removed, "there are those who enter the Zhongshu, there are those who have entered the Privy Council, there are those who have three provinces, and there are those who have entered the Privy Council of the three provinces together." Among them, the three provinces and the Privy Council jointly noted that "marshals, border town officials, and internal ministers were sent by the nearest superior". Then the selection of the head of the Imperial City undoubtedly belongs to the category of the Privy Council of the three provinces.
According to historical records, about the eighth year of the Renzong Dynasty (1048), before the leap month, the appointment method of the governor of the imperial city was generally a special dismissal. The Imperial City Envoy or Imperial City Division originally existed as the supreme commander of the Imperial City Division. As a private institution of rulers, the appointment of its governors is of course very cautious.
In order to enable this body to act strictly according to its own intentions, the ruler appointed and dismissed its governors by means of special dismissal. However, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, with the successive establishment of the Tidian Imperial City Division and the Tiju Huangcheng Division, the Goudang Huangcheng Division had to give way to the Tiju Huangcheng Division and the Tidian Huangcheng Division, and the real power was in the hands of the Tiju Huangcheng Division.
For the ruler, as long as the power of appointment and removal of the supreme governor to the Imperial City Division is firmly in his hands, this institution will always be the private institution of the Son of Heaven. In this way, the selection of the Imperial City Division naturally replaced the original Imperial City Division and was specially removed, and the subsequent Imperial City Division and the Imperial City Division were almost eliminated.
Since ancient times, the mainland has had the assessment theory of "three years of performance appraisal and three examinations of dethroning Shengming". During the Tang and Song dynasties, the tenure of ordinary officials was clearly defined. The term of appointment of the Imperial City Chief is generally three years, and reappointment or re-election is allowed under special circumstances. For example, Zhao Kai promoted the Imperial City Division in November of the sixth year (1116) to December of the seventh year of Xuanhe (1125), and his term of office was ten years.
Similarly, in exceptional circumstances, the term of office may be shortened or even terminated. If the Chief of the Imperial City commits a crime, his term of office may be terminated early. In the eighth year of the Qing calendar (1048), the Suwei Rebellion in the leap month led to the early termination of five of the six governors of the Imperial City and the punishment of being sent abroad, and Yang Huaimin was subsequently deposed.
It is also conceivable that Zhao Kai's term of office might have been longer if it were not for the internal strife in Jingkang and the invasion of the Jin soldiers. The principle that the appointment of the chief of the Imperial City Division is not allowed to "shoot Chen and beg" means that where the chief of the Imperial City Department has a gap, officials are not allowed to hold such posts by themselves. Before the Emperor Renzong of Song, civil and military officials had to "submit their own documents" when they should grind their investigations. That is, self-application, or "self-declaration".
After that, when the officials of the Jing Dynasty and the military ministers were transferred to the joint grind, the court of judges or the third class court and the privy council were to grind according to the date of the official's award, successive family certificates, etc., according to the law. Although this principle only concerns the promotion of officials, it is not unrelated to the dispatch of officials. Although there were many officials in the two Song dynasties, the promotion of officials was a necessary savings for sending posts, and undoubtedly in order to obtain better beauty.
The appointment of the head of the Imperial City Division is also not allowed to "shoot Chen beggars". During the reign of Zhenzong, the internal attendant Lei Yungong was criticized by his ministers for asking Prime Minister Ding to serve as the head of the imperial city, which became an important reason why Lei Yungong "also went to prison". In the eighth year of Emperor Renzong's reign (1048), in the leap month, the minister Shangyan proposed that "there are only four members left in the future (the envoy of the imperial city), and the selection experience has the strength and the situation should be Shen."
According to the "Long Edition", people who changed the thick work were not allowed to shoot Chen Beggars, and if they violated them, they were treated as violations", which indicates that long before the eighth year of the Qing calendar (1048), the selection of the governor of the Imperial City was no longer allowed to shoot Chen Beggars. Subsequently, three orders and five repetitions followed, and in the first month of the second year of Emperor Yu (1050), Emperor Renzong issued another edict that "from now on the Privy Council shall serve as the Imperial City Commander and select messengers, and Chen Beg shall still not be allowed".
Since then, this practice has continued almost until the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. In November of the second year of Jiading (1209), the minister said: "Now I belong to the middle class and many cities and rabble, and the training is not vegetarian, and the whole nationality is in control, how can it be given lightly?" From now on, the beggars are exclusively led by the knowledge and the royal belt, and those who do not have the advantage of the superficial, but the more impetuous people ask for help, although they have been decreed, they can also be withdrawn", and the rules are very strict.
Officials in the Song Dynasty had a promotion system in which they could be promoted to official rank without passing their term of office, and those who performed meritorious performance were rewarded, called "grinding survey". The targets of the survey are mainly middle- and lower-level civilian and military attachés who have not retired, and the focus is especially on selecting people to change officials and making subordinates relocated. High-ranking officials, i.e. civil servants above the level of superintendents and martial ministers, are not included in the grinding, and those who have reached the age of seventy but have not retired are no longer in the grind.
Emperor Huizong's administration and peace, the reform of the military rank official system, "martial arts doctors led the rampant", resulting in a large increase in personnel. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the edict stipulated: No turning is allowed because of military merit. High-ranking officials did not practice the law of investigation, and their promotion depended mainly on the emperor's special orders, which was the need for the supreme ruler to centralize personnel power.
The grinding of the officials of the Imperial City Division mainly refers to the official rank of the deputy of the Imperial City Department as the Imperial City Division and the Imperial City Division sent by the Imperial City Division. After their normal term of office expires, they generally transfer one capital. Because the Imperial City Envoy has a stop to the promotion and transfer, it is not possible to transfer to the Yaojun Assassination History according to the Zi Mill Survey, so when the military ministers, internal attendants or foreign officials who are the commanders of the Imperial City are above the Imperial City Envoy and the Yaojun Assassination History and need to be transferred, they will be given back to their sons or officials who have obedient relatives.
The punishment for dereliction of duty and dereliction of duty by the head of the Imperial City District ranged from bronze refinement to demotion of officials from abroad. According to the previous quotation Zhenzong Tianxi in December (1017), the imperial city personally stole the heavenly calligraphy beads from the officials Wei Mei and He Bin at night, "his headquarters will be deposed, and the imperial city magistrate will be punished with bronze release".
In the ninth year of Shenzong's reign (1076), because Sun Zhen, a common man of Kaifeng Prefecture, created demon rumors and crossed the palace walls of the imperial city, the officers and soldiers of the Imperial City Division did not notice it, and Wang Zhongzheng, who was an attendant in the Imperial City Division, was also fined 30 jin of copper. The behavior of the governor of the Imperial City and the scholar and even embezzlement and bribery was punished as a degraded official.
During the Jingde period of Zhenzong, the southern workshop envoy Zhang Qizhen, the commander of the imperial city, sat down with Zhao Yan, and received his gold, and asked for advice from the officials and was responsible for providing the envoy. Dereliction of duty or dereliction of duty that seriously affects the safety of the royal family is severely punished. In the leap month of the eighth year of the Qing calendar (1048), Su Wei "plotted to change", the commander of the imperial city did not realize it, and immediately destroyed the evidence afterwards, and the six officials who acted as the governor of the imperial city were all punished by demoting the official to go out.
As a component of the personnel of the Imperial City Division, the Imperial City Division also has its own set of selection and management systems. In the Song Dynasty, the filling of official positions was initially selected by the government from among the "first-class households" who were familiar with the official road, and later allowed themselves to sign up, with industrial guarantees, and became officials.
However, some of the Xu officials were mainly the central government and the prefectures, and supervisors, and although they had the opportunity to serve as officials, there were certain restrictions, "the officials were replaced until they became politicians." Officials have the "Law on Supplementing Officials for Labor in the Year", and all officials in Beijing who pass the three lines of the law through the examination shall be given a correct name, and the name will be corrected before the annual labor is replaced; There is a limit to the number of people who can correct famous officials, and "the number of years is twenty people".
After the name is corrected, according to the officials of different institutions, three or four years will be awarded to the retention official, and in case of grace, it can be shortened to one year; After being granted retention in office, or for seven, eight, or five or six years, he is allowed to leave the office. In addition, if he has "accumulated days of hard work" and "has to be discharged for more than 20 years", he will be directly appointed to replace the foreign official without being retained.
And all officials who serve are exempt from examination, and sent by sending. He was first awarded the rank of general, followed by the rank of cultivator, and promoted to the rank of political lang. The grinding of the Imperial City Priest also conforms to this general principle, and the procedure is roughly consistent with this. However, when the reward is recommended, the year can be reduced, and when Hui Zongzheng and the Imperial City Situi of the seventh year of the first month, "the inner officials reduce the year and wait for the day of the appointment, and those who are willing to support the gift, the concession will be exchanged for one year", "There are 27 officials in total, each minus three years of grinding."
As high-ranking officials became increasingly dominated by those from the imperial examination, the gap between officials and officials in terms of status widened further. But after all, Xu officials still have a knife and pen to make a living, and if they again deceive the shame of fraud, or collude with corrupt officials, blackmail and oppress the people, they still have a chance to make a fortune.
With the strengthening of feudal centralization, there was a serious problem of redundant officials and officials in the Song Dynasty, and officials at all levels of the Yamen were mostly satisfied with the vegetarian meal of corpses under the shadow of imperial power. The function of the Imperial City Commander is also to actually perform various daily affairs. He was personally in charge of the palace door, the key deed, the inspection of the palace, the guards, and the sweeping of the halls.