"Nine days open the palace, all nations are clothed and crowned" - from Tang Wang Wei's "The Work of the Early Dynasty of the Daming Palace with the Jia Sheren".
Indeed, the Tang Dynasty was an era that amazed countless people, among which the "New Book of Tang" wrote: "The rule of Guanfu Kaiyuan is also horizontal and liuhe, and the horse is a hundred barbarians."
Whether it is social and economic prosperity, or cultural and ideological tolerance, it makes people yearn for it, even if the country is later destroyed, poets and writers often write poems or articles to admire and remember the prosperous scene at that time. There is a poem to prove it: "The high platform makes the clouds, overlooking the Thursday Bounds." Xiongdu is determined and is based on the dignity of all nations. ”
It is precisely because of this that the Tang Dynasty has relatively close relations and peaceful exchanges with a few surrounding regions, and the Tang Dynasty has become more and more prosperous. What are the implications for neighboring minority countries?
Next, taking Tubo as an example, the impact of the cultural and educational policies of the Tang Dynasty on the education of various countries is explored from the following aspects.
First, the Tang Dynasty was inclusive and open to an environment
1. Culturally: Confucianism is the mainstay, supplemented by each family
Since Emperor Wudi of Han practiced "deposing hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism", Confucianism has become the orthodox ideology of successive dynasties on the mainland. At different times, this idea will change and develop according to the needs of the rulers.
In the Tang Dynasty, the rule of Zhenguan and the prosperity of the beginning of the era made the society of this period more prosperous, open and inclusive, and Confucianism at that time was naturally no exception, which roughly integrated, complemented and developed the three schools of thought of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, which also led to the cultural and educational thought of the Tang period drawing on the strengths of all and absorbing the advantages of each family.
At that time, the Tang Dynasty was a large unified multi-ethnic country with frequent interethnic contradictions, and in order to solve these problems, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty decided to maintain the balance between ethnic groups by Confucianism, supplemented by Taoism and Buddhism.
The rulers of the Tang Dynasty generally used Confucian ethics and morality to maintain society, they not only advocated "ruling the country with culture", but also believed that "filial piety, the foundation of virtue, and the place of teaching", advocated "ruling the country with filial piety", and also used Confucian scriptures, such as the Book of Filial Piety, as the basis for indoctrination and the selection of officials.
In addition, it is worth mentioning that Tang Taizong was honored by ethnic minorities as "Heavenly Khan", and compared with other emperors, he truly treated ethnic minorities equally. It is said that when Emperor Taizong mentioned this, he praised himself unwillingly: "Since ancient times, China has been noble, and it is the same as love."
Later, the cultural and educational policies of the Tang Dynasty also included its ideas of "pushing grace and showing faith" and "love as one". It must be understood that at that time, the Tang Dynasty was the center of all countries, and the education of all countries would be affected by its cultural and educational tolerance ideas, and Tubo was just one of them.
The implementation of such policies not only allowed the Tang Dynasty to recuperate, cultivate a large number of talents, and laid the prosperous scene of the rule of Zhenguan in one fell swoop, but also affected the development of Tubo and the social economy grew together.
2. Institutionally: pro-system, cultural dissemination
In fact, the adoption and pro-system maintenance of the regime that had just been established in the early Tang Dynasty also benefited the Tubo country a lot.
The "Zizhi Tongjian" recorded this incident as: "Liu Wenjing advised Li Yuan to marry with the Turks, and Ziqi Shima to benefit the army." From the source... As at the beginning of the emperor. ...... If you are peaceful and receive treasures, only the khan chooses", which shows that peace with Tang is of great benefit to other countries.
Later, the Tang Dynasty became the center of the world economy, and even many foreigners came to Tang to study and exchange, etc., the Tang Dynasty did not change this policy, and still continued this system, wanting to marry the princess away through kindness, such as Tubo, Turkic, Hui and other countries, to achieve the purpose of consolidating rule.
Some historical sources mention that "Northern Di Shi was in turmoil... After thinking about it, there are only two strategies: choose 100,000 disciples, and attack them... Nothing happened in a hundred years, this strategy is also; If he is invited to marry,...... It was also thirty years of quiet, and this is also a strategy...", at that time, Emperor Taizong of Tang proposed two solutions, and the courtier Fang Xuanling agreed very much, saying that "the strategy of peace is really a blessing in the world".
It was precisely because of this that Tubo and Tang later became friendly, and this policy allowed Tang and Tubo to form a nominal "uncle and nephew and Ye Sheji are unified, and the friendship is long" and a military alliance, and the stable and peaceful relationship between the two has also made Tubo more and more prosperous.
According to the documents on the Tang Dynasty Alliance Stele, Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng entered Tibet one after another: "... As one with Ye Sheji, at the age of Zhenguan, he married Princess Wencheng... The reunion is the same, and the marriage is better. Jing Long's year, marrying Princess Jincheng and marrying Zampu's Ya... My uncle and Ye Sheji are like a unit, and their friendship is long..."
The entry of the two princesses into Tibet brought earth-shaking changes to Tubo, especially the advanced Han culture, cultural and educational policies of the Tang Dynasty at that time, which deeply affected the education of Tubo people.
For example, the princess's dowry included Han cultural works such as "The Book of Poetry", "Book of Rites", and "Zuo Chuan", as well as books such as medicine and astronomical calendar, which provided an opportunity for the Tubo people to learn advanced Han culture.
If these books can be directly used as the knowledge content of Tubo people's learning, then some skilled craftsmen who dow, especially craftsmen who are proficient in paper and ink, provide Tubo with tools to learn, which directly promotes the level of Tubo education.
Moreover, both princesses were Buddhists, so they brought a large number of Buddhist scriptures, which made Buddhism flourish in Tibetan areas and attacked the local Bon religion that influenced the regime of the Tubo rulers, which made the authorities in Tubo extremely fond of Buddhism, so there were many monasteries in Tibetan areas.
This behavior directly led Tubo to form a special way of education - monastic education, also known as "learning in the monastery".
Since the establishment of the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet, Samye Monastery, and the emergence of the "Seven Enlightened Priests" who became monks for the first time, other monasteries in Tubo have followed suit and carried out some activities to cultivate Buddhist talents, and thus the monastic education in Tubo began.
To know that "it is difficult to get out of the cold door", the ancient and current educational environment is different, the common people do not have money and books to learn knowledge, if you really want to learn what to do, for the poor people without money is the best way is to become a monk, the monastery will teach some knowledge, for example, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, was a monk in the early days.
Of course, if it is ordinary time, the knowledge resources of the monastery are very limited, and there is the idea of "teaching disciples, starving the master", and people have limited what they learn in the monastery.
It just so happened that during this period in Tubo, Buddhism flourished, and a large number of talents who could translate Buddhist scriptures were urgently needed, and the monasteries in short supply of talents not only would not be difficult to learn, but would also teach with heart, which caused the phenomenon of "learning in monasteries" in Tubo.
Tubo education has also formed a special education, that is, the combination of teaching and translation of Buddhist classics, among which the translated Buddhist classics have the Chinese Buddhist culture brought by the two princesses, which makes the Buddhist culture in Tubo rapidly popularized and people learn more knowledge of Chinese culture.
2. The prosperity of cultural and educational undertakings
1. Diversified forms of education
Education in Tubo is related to the prosperity of cultural and educational undertakings in the Tang Dynasty, and its prosperity is reflected in various forms of education.
During the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system pioneered by the Sui Dynasty was further developed and improved, so that education could not only directly serve the rulers, but also select satisfactory talents. There are historical records to prove that "the prosperity of the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was born in the time of Emperor Gaozong, became in the era of Emperor Xuanzong, and was extremely in the era of Emperor Dezong." ”
In addition to this kind of officially handled traditional Chinese studies, taixue, etc., the style of private learning in the Tang Dynasty prevailed. At that time, the Tang Dynasty had a situation in which private and official schools coexisted and developed. In view of this relaxed learning environment, more people can read and read, so that they have an opportunity to rise and a smooth road.
In addition, the cultural and educational undertakings of the Tang Dynasty included the idea of "Huayi family", so at that time there was a popular study system, allowing people from ethnic minority countries to come to Tang to study and exchange, in other words, as early as more than a thousand years ago, the Tang Dynasty had the current study abroad system.
Even the ethnic minority talents at that time did not want to return to China, but were able to participate in the imperial examination system of the Tang Dynasty and become officials in the Tang Dynasty, and their society was enlightened similar to that of modern civilized society.
According to the Tongdian: "Five years of Zhenguan... 1,200 additional school buildings were built. Guoxue, Taixue, and the four disciplines are also enlarged members, and their books and calculations are each placed with doctorates, and there are 3,260 members... Wu Ho, Koryo ... The chiefs of the Tubo kingdoms also sent their sons to study in the country. So there were more than 8,000 people in the Chinese Academy", which shows that there were many people who came to Tang to study at that time.
Among these students was the Tubo people, who came to the Tang Dynasty to study, mainly learning Confucian classics and arithmetic, astronomical calendars, and medicine that Tubo lacked. After they returned to China, they not only spread this knowledge, but also integrated the Confucian knowledge they learned into Tubo's political and educational thought, and served as Tubo's important ministers.
In addition, the Tubo ruler Songtsen Gampo was very capable and visionary, and he boldly introduced foreign cultures, such as Han culture and Indian Buddhist culture, to develop Tubo, making Tubo stronger and stronger.
III. Conclusion
In general, from the characteristics of Tubo's education, we can get a glimpse of the leopard, which shows that the cultural and educational policies of the Tang Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on the country of Tubo. Among them, the most influential are the friendly policy and the study policy.
Through the policy of peace and affinity, the two countries brought the relations closer together, strengthened the ties between the two ethnic groups, and jointly maintained the stable development of their respective frontiers, providing a peaceful and stable environment for the prosperity of the two countries, especially for the development of the two successive prosperous dynasties of the Tang Dynasty.
Moreover, there is the study policy, which very much reflects the tolerance and equality of the Tang Dynasty, which not only provides students from all over the world with an opportunity and platform to learn advanced culture, but also helps countries like Tubo cultivate talents and highlights the style of the Tang Dynasty.
bibliography
"The Influence of Cultural and Educational Policies in the Tang Dynasty on Tubo Education"
"Characteristics of Education Development in the Tang Dynasty"
Summary of the characteristics of the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo
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