Anatomy of species ecological characteristics
First, bird data on church centers is scarce
The number of medieval sites associated with religious institutions in Hungary that produced zooarchaeological finds is rather limited, especially compared to other higher-status settlements such as royal residences, fortifications, and military centers.
In addition, one of these few settlements must be removed from the list of ecclesiastical sites available for study: excavations carried out in 2004 clearly show.
During a rescue excavation in 1363, recognizable animal bones were found in 1960 in Visegrad-Leif Street-Beneda Garden.
The site was previously identified as a Franciscan monastery in the royal town of the late medieval 14th-16th centuries In fact, Visegrad was exposed from a residence and therefore has nothing to do with ecclesiastical institutions.
Recently published abstracts of hunting and domesticating animals in the medieval Carpathian Basin, as well as a case study of the kitchen middle floor revealed by the late medieval archbishop's palace in Esztergom in northern Hungary.
Bird data scarcity revealed in most of these church centers. Even in assemblages containing more than 500 identifiable animal bones, bird remains tend to be underrepresented, accounting for 5-10% of the total;
And usually only the remains of poultry are identified. Information on the use of birds is further restricted by the complete absence of bird remains in some church sites.
An example of this is the Franciscan monastery in Casa, which produced only 77 bones from mammalian species.
According to zooarchaeological finds, the exploitation of poultry or poultry and wild birds can be recorded in seven religious houses. The four sites surveyed were located on the territory of present-day Hungary.
Including the former capital of the Kingdom of Hungary as well as political and ecclesiastical centers such as Esztergom and Sekesibai Castle and Buda.
The other three locations were located in present-day Slovakia and Romania.
Become one of the 1000 dioceses established by King Stephen of Hungary around 10 AD, as the Bishop of Bihar moved here at the end of the 11th century.
The presence of birds in Hungarian religious sites
This article aims to provide an overview of the presence of birds in medieval Hungarian religious sites by reviewing information from earlier publications and by integrating bird data from recent excavations and sources.
The findings are placed in a historical, cultural and eco-geographical context in order to better understand the exploitation of birds by various religious houses within the Carpathian Basin.
The bird sightings discussed in this article have been published in the past few years or decades. The authors of this paper studied seven collections.
There are two collections from Marosva Saheli - Franciscan friars and Esztergom - Castle Hill - Quarry.
The number of identification specimens represents all skeletal elements and fragments identified to the taxa. The minimum number of individuals is calculated based on the type of skeletal element, the side of the body represented and the age group of the bird.
The latter is determined according to the degree of ossification of the bones, such as "newborn", "juvenile", "subadult" and "adult".
The published bird assemblage shows a high degree of variability due to differences in recovery methods used during excavations, variations in sample sizes, different measurements taken during identification, and differences in dataset evaluations.
Ecological characteristics and biogeography of species
For example, in some cases, there is no calculation, therefore, some sites are missing this variable, which aggregates all the ecological characteristics and biogeography of the species that have been treated, I used the European Handbook of Birds as well as various ornithological studies.
Seven ecclesiastical sites from medieval Hungary produced a total of bird remains, including two archbishop's residences and five monasteries. The era of bone assemblage covers 17 years from the 500th century to the 12th century.
However, continuous sediments of such a long period are in only one settlement, while other accumulations cover shorter periods. All seven sites and associated bone combinations are briefly described below.
In 1994, under the direction of Adrián Rusu and Doru Marta, the zoo-archaeological assemblage was excavated from the area of the Archbishop's Palace, Luminita Bejnaru.
Between the 1582th and 12th centuries, a total of 17 animal bones were deposited in several layers. Despite the long deposition time, the number of bird remains and identified species is quite small.
Only two main types of poultry, domestic chickens and domestic geese, were identified. Some bird bones are temporarily attributed to wild species, but not identified at the taxa level.
Although Ottoman soldiers occupied the area in the 17th-2003 centuries, this is reflected in the collection of mammals.
Compared to previous centuries, there are almost complete absence of pig remains and goat bones have increased, but the frequency of poultry seems to have remained similarly low throughout the settlement period.
The survey documents the existence of the monastery for 16 years from the 300th century to the 13th century, followed by its occupation by Ottoman troops from 1541 to 1686.
Bird remains have been found only in zooarchaeological materials related to the presence of monks in settlements. The bones were identified as belonging to domestic hens, helmeted guinea fowl, grey geese, grouse, black grouse, and pheasant.
Reference: Animal remains in medieval cesspools
#5,000 years of history ##把地球的故事讲给宇宙 #
