A very important method of traditional philosophy is bipolar regulation and dialectical grasp. For example, in the process of economic management, there is a contradiction between management and release, and the problem of regulation and regulation, and before the reform, traditional economic management was often in a cyclical regulation and control of decentralization and management. In other words, when the economy lacks vitality, the enthusiasm of local government enterprises and workers is not fully mobilized, and the economy is very sluggish, it is chosen to delegate power to local enterprises and workers. But once the power is delegated, it will cause a lot of problems caused by the decentralization, and we will take power after a while. The stubborn disease in this is what we often say, one tube will die, one death will be released, and one release will be chaotic.
This problem was almost unsolvable before the reform. The operation of the traditional economy often changes with this cyclical change of management, and after the reform, people have found that many problems can not be adjusted by the contradictory relationship between management and release, nor can they be solved by grasping the degree of management and release. In the traditional economic system model, there are actually some deep-seated problems in terms of institutional mechanisms. For example, the people's commune, why was it reformed at that time? That is, on the one hand, its management cannot adapt to the actual situation of different production teams, different regions, and different workers; On the other hand, it is this system that combines agricultural production and operation with different production levels, different land conditions, and different labor skills in one pot, and engages in the so-called one level and two adjustments, and eats big pots of rice.
Bringing together a very large number of land and members to engage in collective production and labor is not easy to arouse everyone's enthusiasm because of its unique management problems and information problems. Anyone who has had experience in agricultural production during that period knows that agricultural production is not suitable for factory management. That is to say, if we organize large corps to fight and organize collective production, even if it is only the agricultural collective production activities of a dozen or twenty people, it is very difficult to manage well.
According to modern economic theory, there is a problem of information collection that is difficult to solve. In agricultural operations, whether it is weeding or seedlings, production inspectors must follow the laborers and supervise and inspect the progress of the workers' labor quality. Whether it's 20 people followed by a quality inspector, or 10 people followed by one person to check the quality progress, most of the time it is difficult to check every place and every corner. And the quality of many agricultural operations is not good to evaluate, taking weeding as an example, weeding to completely solve the problem of weeding, and perfunctory weeding, or as the people say "the grass is startled, the grass laughs" coping weeding, the labor paid and the operation effect obtained are very different. The important thing is that the quality of the previous operation of agricultural production directly affects the labor intensity and operation volume of the latter operation, so in the management of agricultural production, it is not easy to collect the information required for management in a comprehensive and timely manner, let alone the mediation of the contradictions caused by this. If a production captain wants to exercise effective collective labor management on five or six thousand acres or even tens of thousands of acres, he simply cannot do so.
In addition, there is market information is not easy to grasp, in addition to the grain producing country this plan, other than grain production agricultural and sideline product production, what varieties to plant, planting watermelon or planting large melon seeds, can obtain good returns in the market, this information is not a grassroots manager can grasp in a timely and accurate manner.
It is difficult to accurately grasp the relevant management information, and the collective management decisions of agricultural production will inevitably not keep up with the actual needs or not fully conform to the reality, and the resulting management effect will not be easy to be optimistic. The overall result obtained by collective form of production labor in the production practice of state farms where large-scale lump-sum and collective production coexist is that when the conditions are good and generally profitable, it does not make a big profit, and it will lose huge amounts in a year of general loss. That is to say, when it should make a profit, it does not make a big profit, and when it should not lose, it loses a lot. This is also in line with people's intuitive feelings. It can be said that the establishment of household or private contracting of state-owned farms is completely forced by the results of production and operation, and is not the vigorous pursuit of agricultural workers with a strong concept of collective production.
The agricultural production system of household contracting, or household-based production, is a realistic institutional model summed up after many years of agricultural production experience. All countries in the world are family-type agricultural production systems, rarely collectivized production systems, our country's thousands of years of history, agriculture is also based on family production as the basic form. In fact, this is also in line with the characteristics of agricultural production.
What are the characteristics of agricultural production, one is that its labor object is living materials, and the other is that its manual work cannot be standardized due to different crop varieties and soil conditions. Third, agricultural labor operations have a strong seasonality, sometimes the amount of labor required far exceeds the normal amount of labor of one person, and the area of land managed by one person may require labor work of three or four people. And sometimes, it is likely that one's labor is superfluous. Such production characteristics require agricultural operators to do a lot of family work for life, logistics, children, the elderly, and so on when they are not working. Starting from the overall situation, many preparations are made for the entire production. And once it reaches the tense stage, it is necessary for the whole family to work day and night with super intensity and super large amounts in order to adapt to the agricultural time.
And some home work, logistical work, although very hard, the workload and remuneration are difficult to measure. If these things are done in the way of employing a large number of workers, it is unrealistic to let the hired workers think about the overall situation or the overall situation of collective production, regardless of economic gains and losses. But for a family, women can cook, men carry sacks, or weak people can do light work. These aspects are adjustable in the family, but not in the management of wage workers.
This is why agricultural production is most suitable for homework management, and human beings have been engaged in agricultural production in households for thousands of years. In the management of agricultural collective production, that is to say, whether you adopt the method of delegating power or the way of collecting power, the loose management or strict management, just starting from the contradiction between management and release, can not solve the fundamental problems existing in collective production. Although some controls are relaxed, members spend more time on their own land and can harvest more. But it still cannot change the inefficiency of collective production, the problem of superficial work, flower rack work, and the overall collective economic efficiency is always not high.
The big bag finally solved this problem, but the big bag distributed the land to the family, as if private ownership had been restored. In this way, we have a big difference in ideology and concepts, as if we have been engaged in socialist construction for so long, and now we have become private ownership, and the so-called "30 years of hard work and a return to the pre-liberation period" reflects such worries. The answers and choices of the reform leaders at that time in this regard were very important and very convincing.
Before the agricultural reform was carried out in a big package, Comrade Wanli saw that peasants in some places in Anhui Province planted grain all year round, and in the end they produced not enough grain for themselves, and they had to eat the state's counter-sales. The life of the peasants was quite difficult. Seeing this situation, Wanli has a saying about the reform of production relations that is contracted to households, and he said that he wants "socialism" or the masses? If this "ism" means the backward mode of production relations of the commune system, it is the institutional mechanism of cauldron rice and one level and two tones. Then I want the masses.