Note: At 8 p.m. on November 22, 2022, the "Reading Teachers Growth Community" reading group continued the co-reading activity of "Reading Education" in the fourth quarter of this year, and the host of this season was Teacher Wan Xin from Chengdu. In November, the book was read by American critic Harold Bloom's Western Canon. This salon is the fourth co-reading activity of this book, hosted by teacher Ouyang Shaohua and led by teacher Sun Zonglian. Here are the main contents of this event.
"Reading Teachers Growth Community" reading group
Review of the 150th Salon
2022·11
Reading Education Season
Event information
Content grooming
The following content is organized according to the content of the reading by the reader, Ms. Sun Zonglian.
The first snow of heaven and earth, when the classics are read together.
Dear book friends, hello, the 20th solar term in 2022, entering the second solar term of winter, read Harold through time and space. Bloom's Walter. Whitman: The heart of the American classic.
The author defines the classics as follows: the original meaning of the classics refers to the books selected by our educational institutions, and despite the recent popularity of multiculturalist politics, the real question of the classics remains: What books do those eager to read want to read at the end of the century? Seventy years of biblical time is not enough to read some of the great writers of the Western tradition, let alone read all the world's handed down works.
There are trade-offs in reading, because in reality a person does not have enough time to read everything, even if he does not do everything just to read. Mallarmé's famous phrase "This body is haggard, ah, I have read the poetry of the world" is an exaggeration. Malthusian excess should be the real cause of classic anxiety. Recently, academic lemmings who claim to be political critics have been falling off the cliff all the time, but the tide of indoctrination will eventually recede. There will be a Department of Cultural Studies in each of our educational institutions, a trend that is like a bull that cannot be reversed; At the same time, the dark tide of aesthetics will also surge, so that people can restore a little passion for reading.
Let's start with a brief look at Walt Whitman and his book Leaves of Grass.
I. The Life of Walt Whitman
01
Walt whitman
(May 31, 1819-March 26, 1892) was born in Long Island, New York, a famous American poet and humanist, who created the free body of poetry, and his representative work is the poetry collection "Leaves of Grass"
He was second out of nine siblings. In 1823 (age 5), the Whitman family moved to Brooklyn, New York. After only 6 years of schooling, he began apprenticeship and self-study, especially reading Homer, Dante and Shakespeare.
In 1835 (at the age of 17), he returned to Long Island and taught in a rural school.
From 1838 to 1859, he taught, worked as a journalist, freelance writer in some mainstream magazines, or gave political speeches, worked as an editor, and devoted himself to writing poetry. There is no long, permanent job.
In 1855 (at the age of 37) his father died, and the first edition of Leaves of Grass was published. A total of 12 poems were collected, and 383 poems were collected in the 9th edition. The longest of these, the poem that came to be known as "Song of Yourself". Total 1336 rows. The content of this poem contains almost all the main ideas of the author's life and is one of the author's most important poems. The blade of grass is mentioned several times in the poem: the blade of grass symbolizes everything ordinary, ordinary and ordinary people. This thin epoch-making collection of poems received a general snub, and only Emerson wrote an impassioned letter to the poet. Whitman was greatly encouraged by the letter.
The Leaves of Grass is the most important work of Whitman's collection of poems, named after a poem in the collection: "Where there is soil and water, grass grows." "The poems in the collection are like herbs growing all over the American land, full of vitality and exuding a seductive fragrance. They were world-famous masterpieces that ushered in a new era of American national poetry. The author has made bold innovations in the form of poetry, creating a "free body" poetry form, breaking the traditional poetic rhythm, taking sentence breaks as the basis of rhyme, the rhythm is free-spirited, unbridled, and free-flowing, with a rushing momentum and all-encompassing capacity.
In 1856, the second edition of the Leaves of Grass Collection was published, containing a total of 32 poems. "All the Way Through the Brooklyn Ferry" is one of the poet's finest works. In addition, "The Song of the Broad Axe" and "The Song of the Road" are also famous stories.
In 1859, one of Whitman's excellent lyric poems, "From the Cradle That Never Swings," is an ode to love and death. The following year, at the request of a Boston publisher, the third edition of the Leaves of Grass was published, the first "official publication" of the poetry collection. There are 124 new poems in the collection, including "From the Cradle of Endless Swinging" and three groups each entitled "Songs of Democracy"
1861.4.12-1865.4.9 American Civil War period.
In 1862, he visited his brother who was wounded in the Battle of Frederidesburg. In 1865, Lincoln was assassinated, and Whitman's collection of wartime poems, Drum-Taps (later published in The Leaves of Grass), was published.
In 1871 her mother Louisa died.
In 1882, he met with Oscar Wilde and published Specimen Days and Collect.
In 1885, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Lincoln's death, he composed the poem "To the Man Who Was Crucified", which was later included in the "Leaves of Grass".
In 1888, the second blow. Serious illness.
In 1891, the last edition of the Leaves of Grass collection.
On March 26, 1892, Whitman died.
2. "Leaves of Grass"
02
The article "The Core of the American Classic" in "Western Canon": mainly introduces Whitman's representative poetry collection "Leaves of Grass", which is written in the book;
Whitman was certainly not just an 1855 poet, and his success was also reflected in two long, then-untitled poems, which culminated in "The Song of Self" and "The Sleeper." In 1856, the second edition of The Leaves of Grass included the "Sunset Poem," which is what we know today as "Across the Brooklyn Ferry." The third edition in 1860 added "When I Ebb with the Sea of Life" and "From the Cradle That Keeps Shaking." The 1865 edition tragically added an American elegy that was juxtaposed with "Lysidas" (Milton) and "Adonaith (Shelley)," the great eulogy for the martyr Abraham Lincoln, "When Lilacs Recently Bloomed in the Garden."
The six major poems, "Song of Self" and five other minor but very unique contemplative works, are Whitman's most important works. If we are to find Western works that are equally important in an aesthetic sense, we must go back to Goethe, Black, Wordsworth, Hölderlin, Shelley, and Keats. In the second half of the nineteenth century, and almost the entire twentieth century, perhaps no one but Dickinson could match the immediate appeal and sublime character of Whitman's work. But there is an unpleasant paradox that we never understand Whitman correctly, because he was a poet who was both very difficult and delicate, and he often did the exact opposite of what he claimed to do.
Whitman's originality has less to do with his free poetic style and, more importantly, with his fabulous innovation and masterful figurative language.
3. Whitman's poetry appreciation
03
Admire the natural and detached poetry between Whitman's soul and self in the text:
"Half Clear"
Ah, soul, this is your hour, you fly freely,
Enter the wordless world,
Far from books, away from art, no more daylight,
The teachings are exhausted.
You are fully exposed, silently gazing and contemplating
That most cherished theme,
Night, sleep, death and stars.
Song of the Self, verse XXXVIII
The nail reluctantly penetrated my hand.
I remember my crucifixion and bloody coronation
I remember the mockers and the merciless attacks
The tomb and the white linen have left me
I live in New York and San Francisco.
Walking on the streets again two thousand years later,
Traditions do not always breathe life into churches
They are dead, but cold mud bricks,
I can easily build an equally good one, and you can too:-
Books are not people -
The most overlooked of the six major poems of The Sleeper
I wandered all night in my own fantasies,
Take a gentle step, step quickly and silently and stop,
Open your eyes and lean over the closed eyes of the sleepers,
wandering and hesitating, confused, uncomfortable, contradictory,
Rest, gaze, bend, stop.
In the darkness I lowered my eyes and stood the most tormented,
Around the most disturbed people,
A stone's throw from them, I soothe my hands back and forth,
The restless person fell into bed and fell asleep for a while.
Now the huge gray body of the whale,
It seems to be myself;
Be careful, angler! Although I slept lazily,
The flapping of my fins means death.
The sleepers lie naked and beautiful,
They flow hand in hand across the earth,
From east to west they lay naked.
I'm a guest this night,
I'm going to walk away for a short time, oh night,
But I return and love you,
Why should I be afraid to entrust myself to you?
I'm not afraid, I've always been led forward by you,
I love the colorful day,
But I won't leave her behind,
I have been lying in her arms for a long time,
I came to you for some reason,
I don't know where you're going,
But I know I'm coming and going safely.
I only stay for a moment at night, and then get up in time,
I will pass the day on time,
Oh, my mother, come back to you on time.
The abyss of the night is the primordial mother, and the creation in the abyss constitutes the Fall.
"Song of Self" verse 5
Away from the pushing, I stood there,
Interested, self-satisfied and sympathetic, leisurely and lonely,
Looking down, standing upright,
The arm rests on the invisible support,
Turning his head curiously at what would be next,
Both inside and outside the game,
Thinking while watching.
"Spontaneous Me"
Comfort, rest and satisfaction for body and mind,
This is a string of things that came from me.
Mission accomplished—I'll throw it away and let it drop.
The definition of "power" in The Way of Life
All forces are the same, that is, a grasp of the nature of the world. The mind that coexists with the laws of nature will be in the rapids of events, made strong by the power of these events. The materials that make up people and events are the same; He understands the development of events and can predict them. Whatever happens, it happens to him first, so he equals everything that will happen.
"The Last Prayer"
Finally, gently,
From the walls of that fortified castle,
From that chain of locks,
From that closed door,
Let me float.
Let me slide forward silently,
Open the lock with a soft key – in a whisper
Open the door, oh soul!
Gently - do not be impatient,
(O lust of the world, you are powerful,
Oh yes, you're powerful).
The Creator is desperate to the sea for words,
Looking for language in the fragrant courtyard under the starlight,
Also to us and our origins,
It's just that the distinction is weirder and the pronunciation is sharper.
in Hemingway
"From the Cradle That Keeps Shaking"
In the far southern sky, autumn is walking by
Like Walter Whitman walking along the Red Coast,
He is singing, chanting what belongs to him,
The world of all kinds:
Past and future, death and day.
There is no end to everything, he sang. No one sees the end.
His beard is like fire,
His cane is a beating flame.
The protagonist of "Song of Self" is indeed very much like Emerson, and Emerson's admirer Nietzsche once brilliantly commented: "He does not know how old he is, nor how young he will be." If "Song of Self" is put together with "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", Nietzsche's work is aesthetically incomparable. Compared to Whitman's poems, Zarathustra's excitement was due to Nietzsche's awareness of his old age and how young he was trying to be. It is dangerous to imagine yourself living forever in the early morning. aesthetic requirements, which also sank Zarathustra without a trace. Sometimes, Walter in "Song of Self" plays Adam in the morning, but more often he deliberately looks as old as night and chaos.
Whitman learned from Emerson the incomprehensible idea that future American poets must be both the namers and devils of everything they encounter. Whitman shrewdly chose to escape when faced with this dialectical dilemma: he refused to name and abolish anything at all. Emily Dickinson's relationship with Emerson is very delicate, but she is perfect in the art of abolishing and naming; But her cognitive power, as far as I know, is hard to match in Western imaginative literature from Shakespeare onwards. Whitman was sharp and resourceful, but he lacked cognitive originality like Tennyson (his admirer). His originality comes from elsewhere: innovation in form, gestures, styles, mental drawings, imaginative visions, and so on. As in Tennyson's work, the most important thing in Whitman's work is often the nature of his suffering, and much of the infectious power of his poetry comes from this. This suffering generates two crises in Song of Self, namely in verses 28 and 38, the first being sexual and therefore autopleasure, and the second being religious and Christistic with American overtones.
Fragments from early notes are the starting point for "Song of Self" and the starting point for Whitman to make his own poetic voice. In my opinion, this is the basic sign of Whitman's rise as a poet. A headland in the general sense refers to rocks protruding from the sea and in the sea, causing a sense of danger of falling abruptly. Whitman, as usual, neither names nor abolishes the name, making the headland a metaphor for his contradictory relationship with his own sexuality, and as the first draft in the notebook shows, "it" refers to a touch of his own:
It brings people around you.
They all stood on the headland and taunted me
They stand in their place on the headland,
But let me be touched.
The outpost has left the rest of me
They left me behind and washed helplessly by the touch
They all came to the headland to watch.
They also dealt with me together. ——
I stumbled and staggered
I was abandoned by the betrayer,
I'm talking irrationally,
I myself am the biggest betrayer.
I myself was the first to go to the headland.
The crisis in verse thirty-eight is more acute
I move forward again full of supreme strength,
is a member of the endless mortal queue,
We go inland and coastal, crossing all boundaries,
Our decrees spread rapidly throughout the earth,
The flowers adorned with our hats have been growing for thousands of years.
Walk and chat with the United States for forty eternal days between the resurrection and the ascension
You don't know who I am or what I mean,
But I'm good for your health.
Filter and fill your blood.
At first, I didn't catch me and keep trying.
Miss here and find me there,
I'll be waiting for you somewhere.
Sunset poem "Across the Brooklyn Ferry"
You're not the only one covered by the night curtain,
The night also made me hood cloth.
My masterpiece seems unreal,
I thought I had great ideas.
Are they actually poor?
You're not the only one who knows what evil is.
I have also woven the tangle of old contradictions.
"From the Cradle"
I threw myself into your chest, my father,
I cling to you so that you cannot let go,
I hold you until you give me some response.
Kiss me, Father,
Touch me with your lips as I touch my beloved,
When I hug you
Please confide in me the private whispers that make me envious.
"Low Tide"
Standing alone in the backyard in the middle of the night,
My thoughts have long drifted away from me,
Walking on the ancient hills of Judea,
Beside me is a beautiful and elegant God.
When Lilacs Recently Bloomed in the Garden
Here, the coffin slowly passes,
I offer you my lilac branches.
I'm going to keep it all.
From everything and everything of the night,
The wonderful song sung by the gray and yellow birds,
And the tune that was recorded,
The echo that stirs up in my soul,
The shining and falling stars are accompanied by a miserable face,
The clasped hand led me to the call of the bird,
I am among my companions, and I will always remember them,
For the sake of my beloved dead,
For my time and on the land
The sweetest and wisest soul - for dear him,
Lilacs, stars and birds are intertwined
The chant of my soul.
It was in the darkness of dusk
It has aromatic pine trees and spruce.
This particular ending is probably the best passage in American poetry or Whitman's poem, and it is intricately intertwined with the various imagery that make up the poem. It weaves more than just the main signs of elegy. It is home to all of Whitman's important poems, even as the poet confidently sings a record that is at the heart of his classics.
IV. Whitman's Influence
04
If you think of major American writers, you may remember novelists such as Melville, Hawthorne, Mark Twain, James, Kaiser, Dreiser, Faulkner, Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and others. Nathaniel West, Ralph Ellison, Thomas Pynchon, Franéri O'Connor and Philip Roth should also be counted. The most important poets, starting with Whitman and Dickinson, also include Frost, Stevens, More, Eliot, Klein, and perhaps Pound and W.C. Williams, and more recently poets Robert Payne Warren, Theodore Rosco, Elizabeth Bishop, James Merrill, John Ashbury, A.R. Ammons, Mae Svensson, and others should also be included. Dramatists are not outstanding: Eugene O'Neill is a pleasant reader these days, and perhaps only Tennessee Williams' plays can stand the test of time. The main essayists were still Emerson and Thoreau, who were so far unmatched. Poe has been accepted by the whole world, so his work, while almost uniformly frightening, cannot be excluded.
Of these thirty or so writers (you can add your favorites), there is no need to question who has had the greatest influence at home and abroad. Eliot and Faulkner are perhaps the most capable of challenging Whitman, in terms of their influence on other writers, but they do not have the near-worldwide influence and importance he has. Dickinson and James were comparable to Whitman in aesthetic achievements, but they could not match him in universality. American literature always comes first with Whitman abroad, whether in Spanish-speaking America, Japan, Russia, Germany, or Africa. I would just like to mention Whitman's influence on the poets D.H. Lawrence and Neruda.
Neruda can be seen as the core of the entire Latin American literary canon, and Lawrence, though clearly out of line with the current era of dogmatism, can still be called an enduring novelist, essayist, poet, and prophet, whose glory and influence will always return. Lawrence, like Shelley and Hardy before him, would continue to bury those who died for him, just as Whitman had buried generations of undertakers who were dissatisfied with him.
Lawrence discovered that Whitman had a certain aura, which was bestowed on American Moses Young by devout Mormons. Lawrence's more symbolic Moses might please Whitman:
The great poet Whitman was very important to me. He is an indomitable trailblazer, he is a pioneer. He was the only one. Neither Britain nor France had such pioneers - poets, no. Europe's so-called vanguard were only reformers. The same is true in the United States, where Whitman has no one to qualify before. He walked ahead of all poets to explore the unopened wilderness of life. Except for him, no) so.
Lawrence helped nurture the American tradition of criticism, which was always rediscovering the real Whitman, a great artist with delicate, subtle, ethereal, mysterious and difficult characteristics, especially classic originality. Whitman laid down what is unique to America in our imaginative literature, acknowledging his ancestorship even in the opposing camp. Among the poets of my generation that I admire, James White is a Whitman, Ashbury is almost another, and AR. Ammons is also a Whitman, and there will undoubtedly be many more real Whitmans.
The same is true of the following verse, only with an unusual calm.
In the garden in front of an old farmhouse
Close to the white-painted fence,
Tall lilac bushes
Stretching out the heart-shaped leaves of the thick green,
Sharp flowers stand tall,
With the rich fragrance I love,
Every leaf is a miracle -
From the grove of the garden,
With elegantly colored flowers and heart-shaped leaves of rich green,
I folded off a lilac with flowers.
Ah, soul, this is your hour, you fly freely,
Enter the wordless world,
Far from books, away from art, no more daylight,
The teachings are exhausted.
You are fully exposed, silently gazing and contemplating
That most cherished theme,
Night, sleep, death and stars.
The poem "Flying in Freedom and Power" was included in the 25th lesson of the first semester of the seventh grade of the Shanghai Teaching Edition.
"Flying in Freedom and Power"
I don't want to compete with the singing birds for a long time;
I longed to fly high in the sky.
It was the eagles and seagulls that moved my heart deeply,
The canary and the tongue bird are by no means my ideals.
I, not used to whispering softly with sweet trills,
I want to be in freedom, joy, strength and will
Spread your wings and soar.
English
I have not so much emulated the birds that musically sing,
I have abandon'd myself to flights, broad circles.
The hawk, the seagull, have far more possess'd me than the canary or mocking-bird,
I have not felt to warble and trill, however sweetly,
I have felt to soar in freedom and in the fullness of power, joy, volition.
Writing Background:
In 1783, the 13 states of Britain's North American colonies finally gained independence and formed the United States of America. At this time, the United States was a developing country that suffered from internal strife and external humiliation, and was weak and beaten.
More than 30 years after independence, Britain wantonly intercepted and plundered American ships. At the same time, it incited American Indian riots and created civil strife in the United States. British practices led to a second war between the two countries in 1812. The United States was defeated, and the capital, Washington, was captured and burned by the British army. Had Britain not been anxious to concentrate on war with Napoleon of France and forced to make an armistice with the United States, the United States might not have existed.
Since then, in order to prevent the rise of the United States and pose a threat to their vested interests, the European powers, mainly Britain, have continuously suppressed the rising United States in all aspects, hoping that the United States will only develop agriculture and become a vassal of European industrial countries like Central and South American countries. Americans who nearly died knew the importance of industry and manufacturing to national independence and national strength. The United States adopts the method of not asking the world and immersing itself in the development of production. Their history of struggle is full of death and blood and tears, and generations of Americans have mined, planted, and established businesses in newly conquered lands. U.S. manufacturing has grown like never before.
From 1861 to 1865, the United States broke out in the civil war, the civil war, which was actually the result of the industrial bourgeoisie in the north and the plantation owners in the south deciding the direction of the country's development. After the war, the Northern Industries Manufacturing Group of the United States established the dominance of the central government, and the United States decided to take the road of industrialization, and the process of industrialization was greatly accelerated. At this time, the authority of the constitution and the unity of the country, the spirit of freedom and equality, began to become the mainstream. In this atmosphere, coupled with the American people's desire for freedom and unremitting pursuit of wealth, the United States rose with an unstoppable momentum, and the United States truly became an independent power.
Although the old European powers are still constantly suppressing the rising United States, due to their mutual restraint, the United States is far from Europe, when the transportation was not developed, intervention was not as convenient as now, and the rise of the United States was inevitable. The key at this time is Americans' relentless and tenacious pursuit of freedom, democracy, and happiness.
In this context, Whitman published "Flying in Freedom and Power", which expressed the author's pursuit of freedom and democracy, embodied the yearning of the American nation for freedom and democracy, and praised the American national spirit of loving freedom and fighting bravely.
Appreciation
The "canary" has bright plumage, a very beautiful and singing bird. But the author is not fooled by his vain appearance, nor is he "accustomed to softly whispering with sweet vibrato", i.e. these are superficial.
"Learning Tongue Bird" will only follow the crowd, and there is no feeling of freedom and joy.
The author aspires to become an "eagle" and "seagull", that is, eager to fight the wind and waves, and swim freely in the sky, expressing his attitude of free fighting and courage to forge ahead.
"The eagle" is a symbol of strength and will, as the author says, while the "seagull" is a spiritual sustenance of freedom and joy.
V. Summary
Five
05
Whitman's poetry is permeated with sensual poetics, in which the poet emphasizes the role of the senses and sees sound as a way of knowing the world and expressing oneself, as the poet himself said: "Seeing, hearing, and feeling are miracles, and so are every part or appendage of me." "Song of Myself" is the opening volume of the first edition of the "Leaves of Grass Collection". In this poem, the meaning of the "blade of grass" is revealed: the most ordinary and ordinary grass in nature, with a vast world of life and a strong life force, it "germinates equally in wide places and narrow places, and grows equally in blacks and whites." Whitman saw grass as his image, his "banner of intention, woven of turquoise material representing hope," and he wanted to celebrate his country and its people in a language "as simple as grass." In the poet's mind, the immortal grass symbolizes the immortal people, the developing ideals of America, freedom and democracy. The most creative aspect of "Song of Self" is the psychological picture of each person's three components: soul, self, and true self. On the surface, it seems that the poet is only highlighting himself, but in fact, the poet is borrowing the word "himself" to express a big "me", that is, the broad masses of working people in the United States who have transformed nature, opened up the New World, and built a new World, singing the praises of the democratic representatives of the United States in the 19th century, and advocating a free and open personality. Therefore, the "self" in the poem is endowed with duality, one is the concrete me, the other is the symbolic group "me", and "self" is a comprehensive image. The poet is among the laborers, and the "self" in the poem is also the image of the American "new man".
"Leaves of Grass" is the embodiment of Whitman's life's work. Through it, you can grasp the pulse of the times in the United States, and you can also peek into the poet's lifelong search. The poems are named after "Blades of Grass", symbolizing all ordinary and great things, symbolizing the vigorous vitality of life. Poetry is the sincere expression of the poet's fiery passion before and after the Civil War, from personal thought to national spirit, more mature in thought and art. There is an accepted saying in literary circles that Walt Whitman "gave America culture." Since the beginning of "Leaves of Grass", American literature has begun to go global. Just as "blades of grass" are a symbol of the universal and ordinary, Whitman passionately celebrates "every ordinary man."
Walter. Whitman (1819-1892) was the greatest American poet of the 19th century. He bravely shouldered the historical mission of a fighter for democracy, a singer of the times, and a liberator of poetry. With an immortal collection of leaves of grass, he pushed American romantic poetry to the top.
Today's sharing is here, Western literature is poorly understood, and I hope that all teachers will give more valuable opinions on this sharing. Thank you!
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