In this year's public account, I made a short video to introduce you to the story of a late rice bayberry, which is a late rice bayberry in the mesh bag, which was put in the bag when it was still white, as we judged, so that the white bayberry did not arouse the interest of fruit flies, because there was no fruit fly egg on it, after about 2 weeks, this bayberry colored and matured, compared with the surrounding bag outside the bayberry, it showed a beautiful result of a bayberry, that is, it did not become the food of fruit flies. And it shows the characteristics of the late rice bayberry itself.
Video loading...
Of course, there is no mesh bag protection and left on the tree of the late rice bayberry no matter how many differences there are in the early stage, different fruit positions, fruit size, before and after ripening, but the results are the same, that is, with the participation of fruit flies, it becomes a food source for fruit flies, resulting in the largest population of fruit flies in this arbutus forest of the year.
Dinghai's late rice bayberry has always had a saying, called high temperature forced ripening. That is, when the bayberry matures in a year of high temperature (more than 30 degrees), the time for the bayberry to be picked will be greatly shortened, and some production areas can only pick for 2-3 years, and then begin to fall, because the bayberry is lost on the tree. When the temperature of the bayberry ripening season is relatively low (below 20 degrees), the bayberry harvesting time will be extended, such as the bayberry season in 2021, because the middle and late June is relatively cold, the minimum temperature is 15 degrees, so most of the gardens of late rice and bayberry this year are harvested for 10 days, or even more. Zhang Yudi of xingzhou bayberry plantation said: "I didn't expect that the later bayberry was getting better and better. ”
The state of the bayberry when the mesh bag is covered
Therefore, in the late rice bayberry production area, everyone hopes that the temperature of the bayberry when it is ripe is not too high, and it is best to be lower, so that the bayberry can be harvested for a longer time, the quality is good, and the benefit will naturally come up.
From an intuitive point of view, the reason why the late rice bayberry is greatly shortened when picking at high temperatures is not that there is no bayberry, nor is the bayberry really ripe, but after two days of picking, it is found that the mature or even not very mature bayberry that can be picked has been eaten empty by fruit flies, such bayberry has lost its commodity value, even if the bayberry is still hard at the time of picking, there are already a lot of fruit fly larvae in its fruit, and the requirements for gifts have been lost. At this time, the bayberry garden is mostly for picking some low-ripeness, that is, red bayberry, which is known for its high-quality fruit for the late rice bayberry production area, this year's bayberry season is over.
If there were no fruit flies, as shown in my previous video, I think we would be able to pick them for a few days, even if it was hot.
The purpose is to hope that you have a preliminary understanding of the late rice arbutus fruit fly, this article mainly introduces some progress in the study of bayberry fruit fly, and the enlightenment for the late rice bayberry.
fruit fly
1. General biological characteristics of Drosophila black-bellied.
Drosophila black-bellied is the main species of fruit fly in bayberry, and usually the fly is referred to as the black-bellied fruit fly. The annual algebra of Drosophila melanogaster is extremely large, and the phenomenon of generational overlap is serious, and it is not easy to divide the algebra. The chronological calendar of Drosophila nigra varies greatly from region to region. I think this difference is mainly a difference in heat.
Regarding biolearability: Fruit-bellied flies have been reported to have an egg stage of 1.08±0.19 d, a larval stage of 4.39± 0.43 d, and a pupal stage of 3.9±0.25 d at 25 °C [9]. The development rate of eggs is affected by temperature, in the 25 °C environment, the larvae hatch after 22 to 24 h, and then immediately begin to forage, after 24 h the first peel, after two peeling to develop into three-instar larvae, its normal morphological size is 2.5 mm. The feathered female fruit fly reaches sexual maturity within 10 to 13 h. Female adults begin to lay eggs after feathering for 1 to 2 days, and the average number of eggs laid by each female can reach 400 to 900 eggs in her lifetime.
2. Drosophila black-bellied flies are extremely sensitive to temperature
When the ambient temperature changes, it will greatly affect the development progress of Drosophila melanogastis, when the temperature decreases, the growth and development stages are prolonged, and when it is too high, it will also be affected, and 25 degrees is considered the optimal temperature.
ZHANG P F, MAO Y R, YANG C W, et al. Observation of some biological characteristics of Drosophila black-bellied fruit fly[J]. Journal of Beijing Agricultural College, 2010
It can be seen that when the temperature is 15 degrees, the entire generation lasts for nearly 30 days, of which the egg and larval stages reach 18 days, in which case the bayberry fruit has enough time to be picked, even at 20 degrees, the egg and larval stage is up to 9 days. At 25 degrees, it is only 5 days. The biggest harm of bayberry fruit fly is the channel wound left by the larvae when drilling out of the fruit to pupate, which will cause great respiration of the fruit, and the quality of the fruit will rapidly decline and lose value. Other studies have shown the same situation (below).
WANG Zhuanbin, QU Zhicai. Study on optimal ecological factors for culturing Fruit flies[J]. Journal of Heze University, 2006
Most of the inner fruits of the late rice bayberry become food for fruit flies before they are ripe
3. Fruit fly generation in arbutus orchard
For bayberry cultivation, in the bayberry orchard, the generation time of fruit flies is crucial. The environment in the bayberry garden is a process of temperature and humidity change. In real-world research, this aspect is not precise under laboratory conditions, and the performance varies from place to place. For example, in Nan'an, Fujian, Yuping, Guizhou and other areas, under the conditions of temperature 21~25°C and humidity of 75%~85%, a generational calendar period is 4~7 d; Under similar conditions, the development cycle of Drosophila nigra in Jishui, Jiangxi and other places was similar to that in the above areas, which was 5 to 7 days. In Taizhou, Zhejiang and other regions, under the condition of temperature 20 to 25 °C and humidity of 65% to 85%, the calendar period of one generation is 9 to 12 d. In the Suzhou region of Jiangsu Province, the generation period is 12 to 15 days at 20 to 25 °C. In Areas such as Yongzhou, Hunan, captive rearing at natural temperatures (26 to 30 °C) in mid-to-late June takes 20 to 30 d to complete a generational calendar.
In the conventional understanding, I can feel the rapid growth of fruit flies in the late rice bayberry garden, and when the bayberry begins to mature, it is soon possible to find some of the fruit fly larvae in the bayberry entering the pupal stage. Therefore, it is very important to accurately understand the generation time of fruit flies and the accurate time of each stage under the temperature conditions of bayberry orchard.
Late rice bayberry is rich in anthocyanins
4. Nutrition of food for fruit fly development
Certain foods are able to promote the development of drosophila, which is manifested by shortening the reproductive period, such as yeast powder, suitable sucrose, and some are manifested by prolongation of life processes, such as anthocyanins. Bayberry is rich in flavonoids, as well as more suitable soluble solids (sugars), so whether the fast growth rate of Fruit flies in bayberry orchards is related to food addition is worth investigating.
Tan Zhuangsheng,Zhang Yi,Song Naining,et al. Effects of Anthocyanins on Lifespan of Drosophila and Certain Oxidation and Antioxidant Indices in Mice[J]. Journal of Toxicology, 2012
WANG Zhuanbin, QU Zhicai. Study on optimal ecological factors for culturing Fruit flies[J]. Journal of Heze University, 2006
WANG Zhuanbin, QU Zhicai. Study on optimal ecological factors for culturing Fruit flies[J]. Journal of Heze University, 2006
Brief summary:
The systematic study of Drosophila melanogaster is mostly achieved under indoor captivity and constant temperature conditions. The effect of Bayberry Fruit Fly on Bayberry is mostly concluded in a qualitative manner, especially in the study of life history, the time of Bayberry Fruit Fly from egg to adult incubation, many studies have concluded 4 to 7 days, which is different from the most suitable constant temperature (25 ° C) condition in the laboratory, the time is about 9 days, there is a big difference. What is the reason for this discrepancy is worth investigating.
The harm of fruit flies to bayberry fruit is that adults lay eggs or lay maggots in the flesh, and the eggs hatch the larvae to eat the flesh, resulting in uneven fruit, spillage of fruit juice, fruit fall, and cause white rot, thus losing the value of the commodity. Studies have shown that temperature is an important key ecological factor affecting the occurrence of arbutus fruit fly population, and temperature has an important impact on the growth and development, reproduction and population growth of Black-bellied Fruit Fly. When the field temperature is low, the generational period from egg development to adult is prolonged, which reduces the population reproduction, thereby reducing the degree of harm in the fruit flies.
Dongkui Bayberry on Dengbu Island
In real production, the species and planting areas of bayberry harvested at low temperatures in early June have a low degree of harm from fruit flies; Harvested at high temperatures in late June, fruit flies can show fulminant hazards. Late rice bayberry, the ripening period is mid-to-late June, is at a higher temperature time, in general years, the temperature is exactly the most suitable temperature range for fruit flies, which also leads to late rice bayberry becoming the most harmful quality of fruit flies. Also Dongkui Bayberry, located on Dengbu Island, Dongkui ripens from late June to early July, and the damage of fruit flies is just as serious, while the alpine bayberry in the same period does not show similarities in fruit flies, and the biggest difference here is the difference in temperature caused by altitude.
It can be seen that the degree of harm of bayberry fruit fly is mainly determined by the temperature of the bayberry fruit at the ripening stage. Therefore, the key ecological factor of temperature (accumulated temperature) can be used to carry out predictive and forecasting studies of Bayberry fruit fly populations.
Thanks for reading!
Maybe the late rice bayberry is too delicious, so the upper warehouse gave fruit flies, for the late rice bayberry, the ripening period is a real problem, and how to face such a reality, in the face of fruit flies, can not only follow the fate, but also need to take the initiative to face, let us and late rice bayberry more related.
Next: Late rice bayberry: With fate and fate.
Link: The full text of this paper can be found in Zhejiang Citrus, No. 2, 2022, "Research Progress on biological characteristics and control of Bayberry Black-bellied Fruit Fly", some data and text in this paper omit the reference source, see the paper.