The first part describes the Trojan artifacts of the Neue Museum (interior architecture) in Berlin, and here we will talk about Cypriot artifacts.
When cyprus is mentioned, this small country may not exist for many people today, but in ancient times, due to its important position in the Mediterranean (Europe, Asia, Africa are close), it was often a strategic place for the great powers in history, and the wars caused by this island were countless.
There is a record of human existence on the island of Cyprus, about 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic Age.
By the Bronze Age, Cyprus became a more prosperous human settlement due to the abundance of copper mines found on the island. The name Cyprus may be derived from the Sumerian word for "copper".
Mining began around the Troods Mountains as early as about 3000 BC, and the copper ingot trade in Cyprus extended as far as the western Mediterranean.
With the development of copper mines, the population of the island increased rapidly. Palace complexes, lavishly decorated tombs and shrines all show that the wealth of copper mines was changing society at the time.
Around 1400 BC, the Mycenaeans (also simply understood as Greeks) came to settle in Cyprus. In Greek mythology, Cyprus was also home to Aphrodite (corresponding to Venus in Roman mythology) and Adonis. The Mycenaeans mainly controlled this trade with Egypt and the Levant. The Levant is a broad geographical concept, roughly understood as what is now Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean.
From the 10th century BC to the 4th century BC, the Phoenicians, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Persians conquered Cyprus successively.
In 333 BC, Alexander seized Cyprus from the Persians, and after Alexander's death, his subordinate Ptolemy took over Cyprus (equivalent to Egyptian rule) and Hellenized the island.
Before 58 BC, the Romans occupied Cyprus, Mark. Antony had given the island to Cleopatra (Cleopatra VII) administration, and after the Battle of Acquénne, Cyprus became a province directly under the Roman Senate, while the whole of Egypt belonged to the private province of Augustus.
In 395 AD, the Eastern and Western Roman Empires split and Cyprus came under the ownership of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. In the 7th century, the Arabs also invaded continuously, and the island was once mixed with Byzantines and Arabs.
In 1191, the Crusades of the English Lion (Three Thousand Years of Jerusalem Introduction-27-(1) The Lionheart) seized Cyprus from Byzantium as the last stop on the sea into Jerusalem.
Later, in exchange for profit, the Lionheart gave Cyprus to the Knights Templar, who in turn sold Cyprus to the former King of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan (the bad guy in the movie Heavenly Kingdom), whose descendants ruled Cyprus for about three hundred years and were the Kingdom of Cyprus.
In 1291, the retreating Knights of Malta ("Knights of Malta") made a brief trip to Cyprus and from here to Rhodes.
In 1473, the last King of Cyprus died in Lusignan, and because there were no descendants, his widow, Caterina, the Venetian, became queen. In 1489, the Republic of Venice acquired Cyprus through land exchange and became an important overseas base for Venice. The last queen returned to Venice and was buried in the Church of the Holy Savior of Venice (several churches in Venice) to enjoy the treatment of a Venetian doge.
In 1571, the Ottoman Turks seized Cyprus from the Venetians, leaving behind the bloody story of the Venetian commander Marcantonio Bragadin (1523–1571) in the ancient city of Famagusta, Where Mustafa Pasha (1500–1580).
Since then, a large number of Turks have emigrated to the island of Cyprus, and many Europeans (Greeks) have been expelled or massacred.
In 1878, Cyprus was leased to the British and became a British colony. After World War I, the British formally annexed Cyprus.
Since then, both Greece and Turkey have wanted Cyprus, but in 1960 Cyprus gained independence, with greeks overwhelmingly and Greeks and Turks in conflict.
In 1974, Cyprus staged a coup d'état to unify with Greece, and Turkey took the opportunity to send troops. As a result, the issue of South Cyprus and Northern Cyprus has been left to this day, of course, only Turkey is recognized by Turkey.
This is one of the reasons why Greece has long blocked Turkey's accession to the European Union.
Let's talk about the Cypriot artifacts of the Neue Museum in Berlin, which, although not very many, are one of the most important cultural relics outside the cyprus country.
The Neue Museum in Berlin and even the Cypriot collection of many European museums, largely related to a man named Max. Max Hermann Ohnefalsch-Richter (1850-1917) was associated with German archaeologists and antiquities dealers.
Richter began working for the British Museum in 1878, working on archaeological excavations in Cyprus, where he later sold many of the ancient artifacts found in Cyprus to several museums in Europe, the largest of which eventually went to the Neue Museum in Berlin.
I didn't deliberately look at these Cypriot artifacts in the museum, but just took a few random pictures, because I had to spend a day looking at five museums on Museum Island (and only four in the end).
Most of these pottery and metalwork unearthed in Cyprus were from the 9th to the 3rd centuries BC. For reasons of geography and history, the paintings on clay pots are mostly Greek, Egyptian and Levantine, and of course, it is possible that they came here through trade or exchange from those places.
Some of these artifacts are living utensils, some are sacrificial, and some are found in tombs.
In addition to Trojan and Cypriot artifacts, there are also some scattered Greco-Roman artifacts in this exhibition room, and there is no time to study them.
A block of wood inscribed with ancient Greek script.
This is a Roman double statue from the 3rd century AD, flanked by the famous Greek philosopher Sokrates (470-399BC).
On the other side is the Roman Stoic philosopher and statesman Seneca the Younger (4 BC – 65 AD). Seneca Jr. had been an advisor to the Roman Emperor Nero (Three Thousand Years of Jerusalem, Introduction-12-(3) Akipa II: Nero's friend), but was suspected of rebellion by Nero and was given to commit suicide.
The only portrait of the little Seneca left in the world, the Wikipedia introduction to the little Seneca, uses this statue of the Neue Museum in Berlin.
Ancient Greek educator and rhetorician Isocrates (436-338 BC) statue, Isocrates is Considered Socrates' teacher.
The famous greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC) is known as the "father of history". Halicarnassus was born in Greece. Haricarnassos is located in Bodrum, Turkey today, where the Mausoleum of Mosolas, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient (Western) World, is located.
Demosthenes (384-322BC) was a famous Greek democratic politician and orator. Committed suicide against Macedonia. It is said that Chairman Mao's "without investigation and study, there is no right to speak" came from his speech.
pottery
sarcophagus