Umbellifera — Pentagram (5): Ginseng
(6) Ginseng (American ginseng)
Ginseng (scientific name: Panax quinquefolius) is a type of ginseng. It is native to the northern United States to southern Canada, mainly in Wisconsin. The United States used to be called Citi Country, from which Ginseng got its name. In addition, it is also known as American ginseng, American ginseng, wild mountain bubble ginseng, Cantonese ginseng, as a kind of pink ginseng. Usually divided into (commonly referred to as) Citi participation in Canadian ginseng according to the place of origin; Although the two are of the same species, due to climatic influences, the former has more obvious parametric stripes than the latter.
(1) Discover history
American ginseng was discovered under the inspiration of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. In 1714, the French priest Yatus described the external form and use of Chinese ginseng in China under the title of "On the Tartar Plant Ginseng", accompanied by the original plant map, which was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. This publication was obtained by the French priest Lafitau who lived in Montreal, Canada, who estimated that there must be such a plant in The Canadian forest based on the description of the literature and the morphological map of ginseng, so through the local Indians, after two years of continuous searching, finally found a plant similar to the external form of ginseng in the forest of Montreal, Canada, in 1716, that is, American ginseng.
(2) Naming history
The initial American ginseng (American ginseng) commodity was transshipped to East Asia through French or British colonies and then sold to China. In the Qing Dynasty Confucian physician Wang Ang's "Preparation of Supplementary Maps and Materia Medica" (1694, 33rd year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty), American ginseng was first included in the medical literature, and under the entry of the book was written "Out of the Atlantic France - Famous French Ginseng". The Qing Dynasty physician Zhao Xuemin's "Compendium of Materia Medica" (1765, 30 years of Qianlong) discusses the inclusion of American ginseng basically the same as the "Supplementary Map Materia Medica", and this statement has also been falsely transmitted by some later Materia Medica books, and the name of American ginseng has also been derived. Since American ginseng was originally an imported medicinal herb, in order to distinguish it from canadian production, American ginseng produced in the United States was named Ascent ginseng after the Star-Spangled Banner. On December 20, 1757, Qianlong issued an edict shutting down Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian, and Guangzhou became the only open port for trade between China and the West. This pattern lasted for 85 years, until the end of the Opium War. During the period of guangzhou's one-mouth trade, American ginseng became an important traded commodity, and it was also known as Guangdong ginseng.
(3) Cultivation history
In 1716, the French priest Francis Lafité hired Indians to dig up wild ginseng in large quantities and ship them to China for sale. At that time, the price of American ginseng in the Chinese market was very high, equivalent to the price of gold. Later, wild American ginseng was also found in southeastern Canada and eastern States. However, due to long-term continuous mining, the natural resources have been seriously damaged, resulting in a significant decline in wild production. In order to protect the wild natural resources of American ginseng, some local governments in the United States have included wild American ginseng in the protection plan of endangered plant species, and began artificial cultivation in 1889.
In China, in 1948, Mr. Chen Fenghuai, a scientist at the Lushan Botanical Garden in Jiangxi Province, introduced seeds from Canada for trial planting, but at that time, it was a war, lack of funds, and the experiment was carried out to the stage of flowering and fruiting, and the work was terminated. After the founding of New China, due to the lack of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, the introduction of Ginseng seeds was restricted. In 1975, Premier Zhou personally asked about American ginseng, he advocated the introduction of American ginseng scientific research, under the care of Premier Zhou, the State Science and Technology Commission, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Commerce jointly formulated and implemented the "7510 Project" project, began the introduction of American ginseng scientific research. In 1975, Huang Peiyu, a Chinese-American, brought 10 pounds of Ginseng seeds back home and handed them over to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Subsequently, under the code name of "Project 7510", China began to try to grow Ginseng in different climatic regions of the country. At that time, 4 pounds of seeds were distributed to the Pharmaceutical Research Institute of the Science and Technology Commission of Jilin Province, and these 4 pounds of Ginseng seeds were assigned to the ji'an state-owned first and second ginseng fields, and under the continuous research and efforts of Qian Shaojun, then deputy director of the field, the introduction was successfully introduced in 1978. In 1975, the Chinese Academy of Sciences introduced 8 pounds of American ginseng seeds and 150 seedlings from the United States through relevant channels, and the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences cooperated with 10 units in 8 provinces and cities such as Jilin, Liaoning, Beijing, jiangxi and other provinces and cities to be responsible for the trial breeding and domestication work, and in 1977 held a symposium on the domestication of American ginseng introduction in the Zuojia SpecialTies Research Institute of Jilin Province, which was attended by 14 units and 24 people from relevant scientific research institutes, production and operation in Beijing, Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Jiangxi and other provinces. The symposium mainly summarized and exchanged the experience of introduction and domestication of American ginseng, and believed that after 2 years of experiments, it was proved that northeast China and some other regions have a suitable climate, soil and good cultivation technology experience, so American ginseng can settle down in China. In September 1980, at the Zuojia Institute of SpecialTies of Jilin Province, an appraisal meeting was held on the results of the introduction and domestication of American ginseng, and according to the ecological habits of American ginseng, the high-altitude mountainous areas north of the Yangtze River in China to the south of 45° north latitude, the central and southwest provinces can also be tested. By 1990, China had formed the Four Atlantic Ginseng Cultivation Areas of Jilin Province, Shaanxi Province, Beijing Municipality and Shandong Province, including 15 provinces and cities and dozens of counties. In 1997, sponsored by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the largest all-Chinese American ginseng production, processing and operation event was held in Shanghai since the success of China's first introduction and cultivation of American ginseng, marking the vigorous development of China's American ginseng planting and processing industry, making China the third largest country in the world in the production and processing of American ginseng and its products.
(4) Distribution range
American ginseng is native to North America and is naturally distributed in the Forests of the Americas at 30-48° north latitude and 67-95° west longitude, that is, southeast of Canada and the eastern part of the United States, including Montreal and Quebec in Canada, New York state and Missouri in the United States.
American ginseng can be cultivated in Asia, the Americas, Europe or in regions between 30-47° North and South latitudes. In the United States, the main places where American ginseng is cultivated are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario Great Lakes (250,000 square kilometers) and New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota and other states, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina and other states on the east coast, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and other states in the central and eastern regions, and California on the western coast. American ginseng can be cultivated in most parts of Northeast China and North China (in low-latitude and high-altitude mountainous areas, the use of alpine microclimate suitable environment, can be successfully introduced).
(5) Medicinal value
American ginseng is a kind of "cool" ginseng, its taste is bitter, slightly sweet, cool, with nourishing yin and tonic qi, quenching thirst, removing irritability, clearing fire, supporting righteousness, anti-fatigue effect, American ginseng contains an ingredient called ginsenosides, which has the effect of improving the body's resistance. Therefore, people with weaker physiques, such as the elderly and people with serious illnesses, often take American ginseng can play a certain role in enhancing physical fitness. And some people with chronic diseases, such as people with chronic hepatitis B, taking American ginseng will also be conducive to the control and improvement of the disease.
Its main effects are:
A. Enhance the function of the central nervous system: saponins in American ginseng can effectively enhance the central nervous system, achieve calming and concentrating, eliminating fatigue, enhancing memory and other effects, and can be applied to insomnia, irritability, memory decline and Alzheimer's disease and other symptoms;
b. Protection of the cardiovascular system: regular administration of American ginseng can be anti-arrhythmia, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-myocardial oxidation, strengthen myocardial contractility, coronary heart disease patients symptoms are manifested as qi and yin deficiency, shortness of breath can be taken for a long time, the effect is remarkable, the efficacy of American ginseng is also in the ability to regulate blood pressure, can effectively reduce temporary and persistent blood pressure, help to recover hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis and other diseases;
c. Improve immunity: As the preferred medicinal material for qi health care, American ginseng can promote serum protein synthesis, bone marrow protein synthesis, organ protein synthesis, etc., improve the body's immunity, inhibit the growth of cancer cells, and effectively resist cancer;
d. Promote blood vitality: long-term use of American ginseng can reduce blood coagulation, inhibit platelet aggregation, anti-atherosclerosis and promote red blood cell growth, increase hemoglobin;
E. Treatment of diabetes: American ginseng can reduce blood sugar, regulate insulin secretion, promote sugar metabolism and fat metabolism, and have a certain auxiliary effect on the treatment of diabetes;
F. American ginseng can also strengthen the heart muscle and enhance the ability of the heart to move; strengthen the central nervous system, stabilize the body and mind and restore fatigue, have a calming and anti-alcohol effect, enhance memory ability, have a significant effect on Alzheimer's disease; have an adjustment effect on blood pressure, make temporary or persistent blood pressure drop, inhibit arteriosclerosis and promote the growth of red blood cells, increase the amount of hemoglobin; can regulate insulin secretion, so it has an effect on diabetes; it has the effect of regulating the secretion of paraadrenergic hormone and promoting metabolism on the liver; It can enhance physical strength and greatly help athletes; Inhibits the growth of cancer cells and increases immune function; Promotes digestion and is effective for chronic stomach diseases and gastrointestinal weakness.
(6) Economic value
American ginseng has a good health care effect, and the demand in the market is gradually increasing. According to statistics from the early 21st century, at that time, China imported more than 300 tons of American ginseng every year, equivalent to more than 20 million US dollars. And with the advancement of science and technology, the use of American ginseng has also changed from a single flesh root to a full use of its leaves, fruits and other aerial parts, which contain certain ginsenosides, which can be developed into advanced supplements, beverages, cosmetics and so on.
(7) Three-seven
Panax notoginseng , also known as Panax notoginseng , panax notoginseng , ginseng hydrangea , ginseng 37 , tianqi , tianqi , tianqi , tianqi , tianqi , is the main ingredient of Yunnan baiyao. The main production area is in Wenshan, Yunnan and Deep Mountain, Guangxi, China. Seven leaves each grow on each of the three branches of Sanqi, hence the name; It is also said that it is named after the harvest of three to seven years after planting.
He prefers a warm and shady environment, fears cold and heat, and is also afraid of water. The soil is loose red soil or brown red soil, slightly acidic; The average annual temperature is 16.0-19.3 °C. If the temperature lasts for 3-5 days during the growth period, above 30 °C, the plant is prone to disease. The cultivation land should be selected on the eastern slope, and the slope is 5°-15°. Planting in low-lying areas is prone to root rot.
It is found in southeastern Yunnan, China (Yanshan, Xizhou, Wenshan), where it grows at altitudes of 1200-1800 m. It is also cultivated in southwestern Guangxi.
Sanchi is medicated with the root, its temperament is warm, spicy, has a significant effect of activating blood stasis, reducing swelling and pain, Sanchi is mainly used to treat hemoptysis, vomiting blood, blood in the stool, collapse and leakage, traumatic bleeding, chest and abdomen tingling, fall and swelling pain.
Rhizomes and fleshy roots are valuable Chinese medicines, which have the effect of stopping bleeding, breaking blood and dispersing stasis, anti-inflammatory pain and nourishing effects, and are the main drugs for the treatment of bruises. Flowers and leaves also have the effect of clearing heat.
Listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) – Wild Extinction (EX).
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