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Geography Exam Topic 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia

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Sub-Saharan Africa

Geography Exam Topic 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia

Africa

1. Geographical location and contour characteristics

(1) Latitude and longitude location

The zone is mainly located between the Tropic of Cancer and 30 °S, and between 10 °W and 40 °E, and the equator and 20 °E pass through the middle zone of the zone.

(2) Sea and land position

The Atlantic Ocean is on the west side and the Indian Ocean on the east side. Straits: Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Mozambique; Sea: Sea, Mediterranean Sea.

(3) Contour characteristics

The coastline is straight, and there are few peninsulas and bays. Largest island: Madagascar; Largest peninsula: Somali Peninsula; Largest bay: Gulf of Guinea; Busy traffic artery: Cape of Good Hope.

2. Terrain and rivers and lakes

(1) Topographic characteristics: mainly plateau, the terrain slopes from southeast to northwest.

(2) Main topographic area: The Congo Basin is a fault tectonic basin, and later the crust of the inland lake rises, the Congo River is cut down, and the lake water is leaked out. East African Plateau, South African Plateau, Ethiopian Plateau.

(3) Important rivers and lakes

Geography Exam Topic 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia

3. Climate

Geography Exam Topic 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia

Climate of Africa

(1) Features: With the equator as the axis of symmetry, the north and south are symmetrically distributed.

(2) Main climatic types and causes

Geography Exam Topic 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia

4. Rich mineral resources

Africa is rich in mineral resources, diverse and large in reserves. Among them, the reserves and production of gold and diamond account for the first place in the world; Copper, iron, uranium and other metal minerals are also abundant. Northern Africa and the Gulf of Guinea are rich in oil resources. The list of important mineral countries in Africa is as follows:

Geography Exam Topic 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia

5. Residents

Sub-Saharan Africa is home to the black race, which currently accounts for more than 90 per cent of the population.

6. Economic development

(1) Shortcomings in economic development

As a result of the long history of colonial occupation and plunder, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have had a slow economic development, exporting primary agricultural mineral products and importing manufactured goods. Since manufactured goods are much more expensive than primary products, these countries are disadvantaged in international trade.

(2) Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are striving to change their economies' over-reliance on primary agricultural and mineral production and to allow their economies to grow steadily. For example, oil-producing countries such as Nigeria and Angola have developed chemical and machinery industries and strengthened infrastructure construction; Kenya developed the floral industry and tourism industry, becoming the largest flower exporter and a well-known tourist country in Africa.

7. Population, food and environmental issues

Sub-Saharan Africa's high natural population growth rate, backward agricultural production and inadequate food supply have become common problems in sub-Saharan Africa. To this end, people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand the area of arable land, resulting in a decline in soil fertility, soil erosion and a worsening environment.

2. Australia

Geography Exam Topic 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia

Australia

1. Geographical location

(1) Latitude position: mainly located between 10 °S ~ 40 °S, the Tropic of Cancer passes through the central part, belonging to the tropical and southern temperate zone.

(2) Sea and land location: the west and south of the Indian Ocean, the east and north of the Pacific Ocean, is the world's exclusive continent of the country.

2. Three major terrain areas: the western plateau, the central plain, and the eastern mountainous area.

3. Three different names

(1) World Museum of Living Fossils

(1) Endemic animals: kangaroos, emus, koalas, platypus.

(2) Reasons for formation: The Australian continent is separated from other continents, and has existed alone in the oceans of the southern hemisphere for a long time, blocking the exchange of species, the natural environment is single, and the evolution of species is slow.

(2) Countries that "ride on the back of sheep": the country with developed agriculture and animal husbandry, the largest number of sheep and wool exports in the world, or an important exporter of beef and wheat.

(3) Countries that "sit on a mining cart": rich in mineral resources, more than half of the ore mined is used for export, accounting for a large proportion of total exports.

4. Economy, population and cities

(1) Three major industries: agriculture and animal husbandry, industry and mining and service industry, of which the service industry is the leading industry in the country.

(2) Major cities

Sydney: the country's largest industrial centre and port city;

Canberra: the capital of Australia; Melbourne: It is the second largest city in the country.

(3) Distribution characteristics: Population and cities are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas.

(4) Distribution reasons: The climate of the region is warm and humid, the transportation is convenient, the development history is long, and the economy is developed.

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