Cultivation technology and development prospects of lucuma fruit
_Han Jixiong
Lucuma nervosa A.DC. belongs to the sapotaceae family Lucuma plant, a perennial tropical fruit tree whose flesh resembles a cooked egg yolk, hence the name. Lucuma is native to South America and Cuba with tropical climate, and is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world, and has scattered cultivation in Tropical Regions of China such as Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan and other provinces (regions). Lucuma fruit has a strong adaptability, its harmful diseases, fewer insects, and the tree posture is handsome and slender, the fruit type is elegant and beautiful, rich in polyphenol antioxidant substances, can be eaten directly or reprocessed to make jam, cream, etc., coupled with the whitening of lucuma fruit and stomach digestion and other effects are remarkable, deeply loved by consumers at home and abroad. Its nutritional value, applied research, cultivation technology and development prospects are introduced as follows.
1 Nutritional value and application of lucuma fruit
1.1 Nutritional value
Lucuma fruit has a beautiful appearance, mature lucuma is inverted ovate, the outer fruit skin is thin and egg yellow, the flesh texture is soft, the water content is less, it is yellow powder, resembling a cooked egg yolk and rich in flavor, with a very unique flavor. The measurement results of the Test Center of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences show that the edible rate of lucuma fruit is as high as 70%, its soluble sugar and reducing sugar are more than 14% and 10%, respectively, and the starch and crude fat content are between 5.6% and 8.1%, l% to 1.14%, respectively; at the same time, lucuma fruit is rich in various essential amino acids and mineral elements such as phosphorus, iron, calcium and essential trace elements, and its carotenoids, vitamins and other content is also higher than most fruits. Zhu Hongying and others took the phenol-sulfuric acid method to determine the water-soluble polysaccharide content of lucuma fruit up to 8.66%, and the water-soluble polysaccharide had significant effects in antioxidant, anti-aging, and regulation of human immunity, so it can be seen that lucuma has good medicinal value and development prospects. In addition, lucuma does not enrich heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and chromium during the growth process, which can ensure the safety of consumption.
1.2 Application research of lucuma fruit
Foreign researchers have found that lucuma seeds are rich in fat, starch and other components, and their seed oils are mainly composed of linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, γ linolenic acid and so on. Further studies have found that lucuma seed oil is beneficial to the healing of injured skin in mice and has a natural inhibitory effect on many bacteria, which indicates that lucuma seed oil has potential application value in medicine and skin care products. There are also studies that show that lucuma has stomach digestion, kidney tonic and refreshing, analgesic and blood-activating, lipid-lowering beauty and other effects, can be integrated into a variety of market development, to meet the needs of consumers at different levels.
As an emerging discipline, molecular biology has developed rapidly in the past few decades, and more and more researchers are using molecular means to explore the origin of biology. In recent years, in the study of lucuma fruit, the use of various molecular biotechnologies has revealed many chemical components and structures of lucuma fruit, so that people have a deeper understanding of lucuma fruit. JUN MA et al. reported for the first time the research results of lucuma in phytochemistry, and carried out liquid chromatography analysis and selective ion detection of polyphenol antioxidants in lucuma fruit, and found that they contained various polyphenol antioxidants such as gallic acid, gallatechin, catechin, epicatechin, dihydromethrin and catechin–3-oxoperate, which provided a theoretical basis for the use of lucuma in medicine. Guo Xueshui used biology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular biology techniques to detect tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in lucuma fruit, which is the first time TMV has been found on this fruit tree. Sun Weisheng et al. extracted lucuma DNA by a variety of methods, and explored a good stability and high quality lucuma DNA extraction technology, which laid a foundation for the analysis of various molecular mechanisms related to lucuma fruit.
2 Cultivation techniques
2.1 Nursery
Common seedling methods of lucuma include seed propagation and strip propagation, rootstock grafting and branch cuttings, etc. can also be applied. The seed propagation of lucuma generally begins around the Qingming Dynasty, and the first germination is carried out: the plump and round mature seeds are washed and buried in the sandy soil, and after about half a month, the seeds can be exposed to the small white teeth; and then sown: the white seeds are evenly sown on the furrow surface, then covered with fine soil, moistened with water and moistened with hay or linen cloth, and the germination rate can be achieved by this method of 94%. Strip propagation generally begins in April-May, first select 2 cm thick branches for circumcision and drying, 7 days with 50 mg/kg indole acetic acid and a little grass ash mixed with clean and moist fine soil wrapped in the ring peeling of the branches, while sealing and bandaging with film, about a month and a half, you can grow tender yellow young roots; then, after the new roots are ripe, saw off the branches, moved into a false plant garden for cultivation. The nursery should be located in a place with abundant light, and the transplant should be careful to prevent physical damage to the root, so that the root ball is buried at a depth of 2 to 3 cm. After planting, care should be taken to water to keep the soil moist, but do not apply too much water to cause rotten roots. After the strip propagation seedlings sprout and produce new shoots, they should be pruned in time to remove too many new shoots and promote root growth, so as to ensure the survival rate.
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2.2 Garden Selection
The choice of plantation land should be preferably sandy loam soil and ensure the moisture of the soil. Lucuma fruit is not strict on the soil requirements, but different soil conditions should be selected from different varieties of lucuma fruit: poor, insufficient water source and thick soil conditions, it is advisable to choose spherical or spindle-shaped varieties; fertile, abundant water, sunny and deep and flat soil conditions, suitable for the selection of large peach and small peach varieties.
2.3 Colonization
The diameter and width of the colonization hole are generally dug to 50 cm, and 50 kg of organic fertilizer is applied as the base fertilizer before the lucuma fruit is colonized, the fertilizer is mixed into the soil while fully stirring evenly, and then the seedlings are planted, and the soil is returned to the soil as a mound, the mound is 10 to 20 cm higher than the soil surface, and generally about 40 plants are planted every 666.67 m2. After colonization, water sufficient root fixing water and cover with leaves or hay to keep the soil moist.
2.4 Fertilization management
Young trees should pay attention to the growth and development of roots and leaves, according to the principle of thin application and multiple application, the frequency of fertilization is not less than 4 times a year, once every 30 days, each time the amount of fertilizer is about 30 kg, it is better to apply before the extraction, to promote the growth of nitrogen fertilizer, while paying attention to the pruning of branches and leaves to ensure root growth.
Adult fruit trees should ensure the fruit hanging rate, so we should pay attention to the implementation of flower-promoting fertilizer and strong fruit fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer should be considered based on the specific age and fruit amount. Every spring, organic fertilizer or compound fertilizer can be applied to improve the soil structure and help cultivate robust tree potential.
2.5 Disease and pest control
Lucuma disease occurs less, in the field management process, pay attention to the ventilation of the orchard and the pruning of fruit trees can avoid the vast majority of diseases and insect stress. For soot disease, spraying Bordeaux liquid or sterilized Dan early in the disease and pruning the branches and leaves in time can prevent the further spread of the disease.
The rhizomes of the old lucuma fruit are susceptible to termite damage, and can be sprayed with 48% Lesben 1000 to 1500 times; the young leaves and young shoots during the spring to summer shoots are susceptible to the harm of scarab beetles, and black lights can be set at the edge of the orchard, using adult phototropism for booby traps, or using Leguo 1500 times liquid for control.
3 Development prospects
3.1 Adaptability
Lucuma fruit put into production early, high yield, less diseases and insect pests in the growth process, showing high economic benefits, at the same time, lucuma has the advantages of strong adaptability, fast growth, hardiness, drought tolerance, and can even grow on barren red soil, brick red soil. Lucuma fruit above 2.5 °C will not show serious frost damage, below 0 °C leaves show mild frostbite, at the same time, in the dry and hot valley area of Baoshan, Yunnan Province, where the annual precipitation is seriously insufficient, lucuma can still grow and develop normally without relying on artificial rainfall. The above results show that lucuma fruit has low requirements for growth conditions and has high hardiness and drought tolerance, which saves its planting costs and is conducive to the promotion and development of lucuma industry.
3.2 Processed Products
Lucuma fruit is spherical, peach-shaped, long-ovate or spindle-shaped, rich in starch, vitamins, mineral elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca), trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mn), carotenoids and various amino acids. In addition to raw food, jams, drinks, fruit wine can also be made, and can also be processed into other forms of storable finished products. Domestic Gu Zongzhu and other lucuma as raw materials to continuously develop, develop lucuma fruit of various processing technology, brewing a unique fragrance, vinegar flavor, golden translucent lucuma fruit vinegar, not only for China's vinegar varieties to add new members, but also show that lucuma fruit has the great potential of secondary processing, enrich the industrial chain of lucuma fruit.
3.3 Versatility
Lucuma fruit has a beautiful appearance and beautiful tree shape, in the winter when the fruit is deciduous, the golden round lucuma is hung on the branches, which is very beautiful, making up for the regret of fruitless fruit trees in winter, so lucuma can be cultivated as a kind of sightseeing fruit tree. When conducting research on the topic of "Research on the Management Technology of Tropical Fruit Tree Bonsai Cultivation", Luo Wenyang and others chose lucuma fruit for bonsai cultivation, which was very beautiful. Lucuma can also be used as an intercropping tree species and coffee trees for interplanting, because the coffee tree plant is short, and likes shade and moisture, interplanted lucuma can effectively play a role in shading and wind protection, reducing pests, increasing yield and improving the field environment, etc., can actively promote the output value of coffee. In South American countries such as Brazil, the wood of lucuma is often used in the production of furniture, musical instruments, handicrafts, and decorative materials.