The prostitution industry in Jinling in the Ming Dynasty was first established under the personal supervision of Zhu Yuanzhang, the ming emperor, and during the Zhengde period, the southern tour of Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao and the literati merchant Jia promoted the evaluation of prostitutes, and then the prostitute industry in Qinhuai flourished, and for a time the famous prostitutes in nandu gathered, and it was extremely prosperous in Wanli. Until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, under the social turmoil, Qinhuai Fengyue gradually declined.
A history of qinhuai wind and moon, half of the ming dynasty's ups and downs and downs - the history of Qin huaiyan is presented under the in-depth interaction of the emperor, the literati and the maid.
Qin Huai Eight Yan Diagram
When it comes to Jinling and Qinhuai, the word "wind and moon" can always appear in people's minds.
"Cruise ships, female Lu Zhizhi, Confucian Fu Take." However, since beating the pulp to welcome the peach, leaving the bay to store jade, and carrying rice, Qin Huai and these two have become an inseparable situation." ——Xia Renhu. Qin Huaizhi
In the long history of the river, the Qinhuai River in the Ming Dynasty is the most moving, where famous singers and prostitutes gather to form a special female cultural group.
Qinhuai Fengyue has also become synonymous with culture, and under the cultivation of a group of scholars who can be called literary leaders and academic titans, Qinhuai famous prostitutes have become alternative cultural masterpieces that have been scooped up by the great waves for hundreds of years:
It carries the cultural vein of history and wind and moon, righteousness and shame, scribes and prostitutes.
The Qinhuai Fengyue of the Ming Dynasty, which is the basis of this special culture, has experienced a series of historical transformations such as rise, development, prosperity and decline.
001 The First Appearance of Qinhuai Wind and Moon: The Alternative Cultural Pursuit of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang
In 1368, the 40-year-old cattle herder Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor and built the capital at Yingtianfu (present-day Nanjing, also known as Jinling), with the name Daming and the era name Hongwu.
Perhaps it is because of the continuation of the desire for the wind and snow when the family was young and poor; perhaps it is to make up for the financial deficit of years of conquest; or it may be to show their own unique cultural pursuits...
Portrait of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang
In the second year of his reign, Zhu Yuanzhang could not wait to build the first officially operated high-end entertainment club of the Ming Dynasty, Fule Yuan.
"Taizu Li Fuleyuan Qiandao Bridge", after the Fuleyuan fire was destroyed, "relocated wuding bridge and other places." Taizu also drank for the officials and prostitutes everywhere and went to the Beijing People's Courtyard as much as possible." ——Liu Chen. "The Deeds of the Beginning of the Nation"
Of course, according to him, it was to give the brothers who followed him a casual place to go, but his brothers spent money to spend...
In fact, with the economic and social development of the Ming Dynasty, foreign exchanges and talent demand have gradually increased, especially in the early Ming Dynasty when Zheng He went to the West, followed by emissaries from various countries to China "looking at each other on the road", an endless stream (from the second year of Hongwu to the fourteenth year of orthodoxy, 694 times in 80 years), and the demand for the hotel industry in Beijing (Jinling) is also increasing.
At the same time, based on the needs of talents, in order to reflect the emperor's concern and attention to the courtiers, Zhu Yuanzhang inherited the traditional moves that have won the hearts of the people since the Tang Dynasty: giving banquet inscriptions and singing and serving prostitutes.
This cultural tradition can not only reflect the new emperor's grace and courtesy to the courtiers and disciples, but also meet the expectations of the courtiers and scholars for honor and appreciation.
The night view of Jinling Qinhuai with brilliant lights
Therefore, in the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the construction of the famous "Sixteenth Floor of Jinling" for envoys, scholars, and officials as entertainment and recreation places.
Xie Zhaohu's "Five Miscellaneous Tricks" says: "Taizu built the sixteenth floor in Jinling to punish the officials... At that time, the gentry had to use official tricks... It also shows the joy of life. "
Note: The sixteenth floor of Jinling, that is, the buildings of the 14 official officials in Nanjing in the early Ming Dynasty and the two floors of Nanshi and Beishi, are located on the traffic arteries inside and outside Nanjing, including: Qingjiang Lou, Heming Lou, Zuixian Lou, Jixian Lou, Lemin Lou, Nanshi Lou, Beishi Lou, Qingyan Lou, Cuiliu Lou, Mei Yan Lou, Powder Lou, Acura Lou, Drum Belly Lou, Guest Building, Retranslation Building, and Called Buddha Building. Among them, the second floor of the guest and retranslation is dedicated to entertaining foreign envoys of the Ming Dynasty.
Therefore, the prostitution industry in Jinling in the Ming Dynasty was first established under the personal supervision of the emperor, and the official prostitute system was implemented, first subordinate to the Ministry of Ceremonies, and then "unified under the Department of Teachings".
Its purpose was to emulate the Warring States Guan Zhongshi and set up a female Lu and "requisition its night-time capital to enrich the country". Xie Zhaochun's "Five Miscellaneous Tricks" once recorded: "The officials of the Liangjing Sect collected their (prostitutes) taxes, which is called fat powder money. "
The famous prostitute Liu Liu in Qin Huai in the film and television is like this image
It can be seen that the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang actually set up official prostitutes for two purposes: one is to show taiping, and the other is to use fat powder money to enrich the national treasury, killing two birds with one stone.
Therefore, official permission and promotion enabled the prostitution industry on both sides of the Qinhuai River in the Ming Dynasty to flourish.
002 Entertain to death Bo Xing - the inner color and outer bird promotion of zhu Houzhao of the tenth generation of the Emperor
Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang originally built a brothel in addition to whitewashing Taiping, but more importantly aimed at making money. However, the ban is often ineffective later, and there are always officials who cannot resist the temptation to linger in the wind and moon field, and use it as a stronghold for their own friendships and gangs, arrogant and lavish, and abandoned government affairs.
During the Ming Xuande years, there was even a situation in which "hundreds of officials were drunk and evil, and did not cultivate their professions", and The Xuande Emperor Zhu Zhanji looked at it and saw that it was not possible to go on like this.
Portrait of Zhu Zhanji, Xuande Emperor of the Ming Dynasty
Thus it was stipulated: "Officials who are prostitutes, who commit crimes and kill people of the first degree, although they are pardoned, they will be given a lifetime." "Since then, the huge bureaucratic consumer group has been lost, the prostitute industry has been greatly hit, and as far as Nanjing is concerned, the sixteenth floor of the early Ming Dynasty to the front and rear of Jiajing, only the South Market, the Pearl City, and the Old Courtyard remain.
But the downturn in prostitution did not last long, after all, the social development of the Ming Dynasty was in an upward period, and the economy developed rapidly.
By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, "department stores" were gathered in Nanjing. Its material resources are very large and the lord is few, and the cloth is noisy and noisy. "
The prosperity of commercial trade has prompted the merchants, a loyal consumer group of prostitutes encouraged by the state, to continue to grow and develop. The accumulation of material things and the abundance of life will inevitably lead to the creation of the wind of pleasure.
Therefore, the brothel culture that developed along with the material surplus caused by the monetary economy in Jiangnan was able to rely on commerce to continue to move forward after being officially suppressed.
However, the development of this period was still relatively slow, until the ming emperor Zhu Houzhao appeared, with the strength of one person, for Zhu Yuanzhang to carry forward the entertainment industry he created.
Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao was the tenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and he was simply gifted, especially with the reputation of "the wilderness of birds inside and outside".
Meibu Sect Shu Atsetsu Image
How hungry and thirsty was he? In 1508, the third year of Zhu Houzhao's reign, he was still in the Jiangshan Mountains, and he "ordered the world to choose musicians to send to the Beijing Division" before he sat firmly in the Jiangshan Mountains.
"In December, each household was ordered to select 800 more proficient music and art households. In April of the fourth year, hejian and other governments were instructed to send hundreds of people to Beijing."
Emperor Wuzong's preference for sound and color enabled him to obtain the middle of the Ming Dynasty, from the capital and capital to the local prefectures and yi, almost everywhere there was no wind and moon, and everywhere there was no song, which was the so-called "good on the top, effective at the bottom."
In the whole country, the reason why Qin Huai Fengyue was able to stand out was that it had a great relationship with a southern tour by Emperor Wuzong.
In the autumn and July of the fourteenth year of Zhengde (1519), Zhu Houzhao planned to personally lead his division to rebel against Zhu Chenhao, the king of Ning, but he had a subordinate of Tai Niu at that time--Lide, Ligong, and Liyan, all of whom were at the top of Wang Shouren, and Wang disrupted his plan.
Before the official imperial conquest, Wang Shouren killed Zhu Chenhao with three strokes and five divisions, and quelled the Nanchang rebellion.
Wang Shouren, a Ming Dynasty thinker and military strategist
In order to experience the legendary Qinhuai Wind and Moon, Zhu Houzhao went so far as to keep Wang Shouren's triumphant report "secret and not to send it", still under the slogan of the imperial conquest, and led the team from Beijing in a mighty way to begin the conquest of those sisters on both sides of the Qinhuai Strait.
"Winter November Otomi, Yuqian Kiyogaru pu." Nongzi, winter solstice, was congratulated by the eunuch Zhang Yangdi. December Xin You, Ci yangzhou. Acetyle, crossing the river. Chengshu to Nanjing. —— Zhang Tingyu: History of the Ming Dynasty
In the beautiful scenery of the Qinhuai River, Emperor Wuzong can be said to have found the most comfortable life.
"Emperor Wuzong marched south to Jinling, and chose ten people to prepare offerings. Led by Bao Nu (Wang Meishan), his posture is magnificent and outstanding, and he is close to the festival. In the Class of The Venerables, people strive to flatter themselves, or to destroy their makeup for self-improvement. —— Cao Dazhang: "The Biography of Wang Meishan"
You can think of the lively scene of Jinling City - watching songs and dancing, feasting on Dadan. The emperor's arrival at Jinling and the gathering of beauties in Qinhuai will inevitably attract the four nobles, dignitaries, scholars, and merchants to gather in Nandu, making it a potential consumer group of Qinglou Chuguan.
In this way, a pattern of both supply and demand has been formed, which naturally makes it possible to realize the prosperity of Qinhuai Fengyue.
More crucial is the so-called "upward and downward effect" in the past, and Emperor Wuzong's southern tour greatly changed the social atmosphere in Nanjing.
The "Guest Sayings" says: "There is an elder who knows: Before Zhengjia, Nandu was the most mellow. ...... Those who make a living and enjoy themselves are not the same. "
But "today's clothing is illegal, the wedding banquet is not festivalless, the white-tailed house, the extravagant and extravagant are not festivals, and the use is increasingly consumed." "The extravagant wind and the narrow evil atmosphere of Jinling began from the beginning of the zhengde.
The image of Zhu Houzhao in the film and television
Therefore, as soon as the atmosphere opened, the pace of rapid development of the entertainment industry was difficult to stop, so that it was a big boom before and after wanli. Xie Zhaopei's "Five Miscellaneous Tricks" records that the scene of the times is cloudy: "Nowadays, prostitutes are all over the world, and its metropolitan land is moving in thousands. Other poor states are in the middle of nowhere. "
In the area of Jinling and Qinhuai, the pavilions on the bank, the middle stream drums, day and night. "
If we talk about economic prosperity, the emperor's example, and the relaxation of official policies have promoted the prosperity of the prostitute industry. Then, the continuous emergence of famous prostitutes in Qinhuai benefited from the wide participation of literati and merchants in the activities of tasting flowers and commenting on prostitutes.
003 The heyday of prostitutes: the "flower list" of the fallen literati
This atmosphere of entertainment to death, which was opened by Zhu Houzhao of the tenth generation of the Emperor, became a fashion under the impetus of literati and merchants.
Of course, this custom has a more ancient tradition, such as Xie An in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, "Every time you travel, you will follow a prostitute", and Liu Yong of the Song Dynasty "promotes red and leans on green, affairs, and a smooth life"...
Wei Jin celebrity image
Or indulging in drunken singing, singing and choosing prostitutes, or pretending to be drunk and selling crazy, drunkenly lying in the wind and moon to alleviate disasters but it is difficult... The Ming Dynasty scholars vividly expressed this cultural tradition.
In the late Ming Dynasty, the affairs of the wind and moon on the Qinhuai River had developed from the traditional main color to the main love, and realized the transformation from indulgence to indulgence, that is to say, Ge Ji's talent, poetry and remuneration had become the mainstream of the literati and the wind and dust women.
Therefore, if the women of the Qinglou want to stand out, they must strengthen their own self-cultivation. You also need to borrow external forces to enhance your own reputation. It is well known to the world. Then the literati-led, merchant-promoted song selection, flower appraisal prostitutes are indispensable, which is called the "flower list".
The name "Flower List" comes from the imperial examination. Roughly arose during the Song Dynasty, and flourished in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Cao Dazhang wrote in front of the "Qin Huai Shi Female Watch": "I have seen the Jinling Mingji Flower Spectrum. From The King Baonu below the mortal ruo, and the words of each person are embellished, cut and indecent. ”
Why do you say this, although the flower list has long been recorded, but its popularity is also because the leader of the flower list at that time, Wang Baonu, was favored by Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao, so the "flower list" of the Ming Dynasty has been popular since the Wuzong Dynasty.
The image of an ancient woman in film and television
At the same time, the prosperity of the flower list is related to the location of Qinhuai, on the one hand, it is a major entertainment venue, and on the other hand, it is the world-famous "Jiangnan Tribute Courtyard".
"In the year of the autumn wind, Guizi." Quartet test takers bi set. Ride together. Color Selection Song. Turn the throat of the car, according to the dance of Yang Ah, the song of the courtyard song ensemble, walk the boat and the water is fragrant." ——Yu Huai. Itabashi Miscellaneous
Inaccessible in ancient times. Scholars should be examined for other homes, ranging from a few months to many years.
Nanjing, as the capital of the escort, set up the Southern Wall, so that a large number of test takers stayed in Jinling to participate in the imperial examination. Waiting for the results after the exam is also a difficult task. Therefore, the boring tasting "flower list" has become the best adjustment.
Because in reality, no matter whether they are in high school or in the first place, they can be their own examiners in the flower country. Evaluate the list according to your own taste and preferences, and get a psychological satisfaction.
Moreover, the social atmosphere was still extravagant at the time. Due to the popularity of Yang MingXin in the ideological circles, human desire has been greatly affirmed.
After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the feasting and drinking of prostitutes in the scholar class became a popular move, and the blossoming list of famous prostitutes was even more popular as a by-product. Although at first the pinzao name prostitute was a boring game.
The image of an ancient scholar in film and television
But it is precisely because of the extensive participation of some literary celebrities that it has become an elegant fashion.
In 1570, the Ming Dynasty poet Cao Dazhang, because of his "envy of the excellence of the famous Ji", wrote the "Female Watch of Qin HuaiShi" after the "Lotus Terrace Xianhui", which set a precedent for the famous scholar to evaluate the prostitutes, and the famous "Jinling Twelve Chao" originated from this.
Later, the Ming Dynasty opera composer Pan Zhiheng once commented on the Seven Gui of Hualin, and in the first year of the Apocalypse (1621), Pan Zhiheng also made Jinling to evaluate the prostitutes, with quality, rhyme, talent, color as the standard of thirty-two people.
It was in these literary geji exchanges, appraisals and various singing activities that Qin Huai Fengyue entered its heyday.
Qian Qianyi's "Small Biography of the Poetry Collection of the Dynasties" once recorded the late Ming Jinling: "Haiyu Chengping, accompany Jing Jiali." The eunuchs boasted that they were xiandu. The lobbyists refer to it as the Promised Land. ”
Of course, he himself was entangled with a generation of famous prostitutes. Wind and rain Chan Juan? Beauty Bones? Different from Qunfang's famous prostitute Liu Ru, the real calligraphy and painting talent
Qian Qianyi and Liu ru are stills
Also officially in the book, Qian Qianyi divided the Jinling from "initial prosperity" and "re-prosperity" to "extreme prosperity", which basically corresponded to the rise and fall of Qinhuai Fengyue.
As one of the socio-political, economic and cultural centers, a city attracted an influx of literati.
The literati were keen to seek Yan Beili and visit Cuipingkang, so the corresponding stimulation and promotion of the development and prosperity of the Qinglou Chuguan. And composed a song of talent and beauty. The cultural significance behind the interaction between prostitutes and scribes that appeared at this time is worth exploring in depth.
004 The Silence of Qinhuai Scenery: The Fall of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
The fate of the three strata follows the laws of history irreversibly.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, social unrest directly led to the decline of the entertainment industry.
Map of the Battlefield of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Human life cannot be guaranteed, let alone the pursuit of spiritual pleasure, the change of imperial power, and the withdrawal of celebrities from the stage of history.
The prostitutes living in the beautiful wind and moon of the Qinhuai River can be divided into two kinds of destinations: One is congliang. The second is to serve the Buddha.
Representatives of Congliang were Liu Ruru to Qian Qianyi, Gu Hengbo to Gong Dingzi, Dong Xiaowan to Mao Peijiang, Li Xiangjun to Hou Chaozong, and so on; and those who lived to serve the Buddha were Ma Xianglan, Bian Yujing, and Shuo Chaoxia.
Along with the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the songs on both sides of the Qinhuai River continued. But it is no longer the grand scene of the year, just as it is called:
Banqiao's flowing water is inclined at the beginning of the day
Travel all over qinhuai leftover restaurants
The old courtyard is buried in the spring silence
More no one with pat red teeth
Summary: Female prostitutes began in ancient times, female prostitute culture flourished in the Two Song Dynasties, and Qinglou culture flourished exclusively in the Ming Dynasty.
The prevalence of the Qinglou in the Ming Dynasty originated from the wind opened by Zhu Yuanzhang, from Zhu Houzhao's personal practice, from the promotion of the literati merchant Jia "Flower List", and declined from the Ming and Qing dynasties to change owners and social turmoil.
From this, we can glimpse the tip of the iceberg of the world of ming human desires, which is a humanistic style of casualness, expansion and adaptation.
They attach importance to the lusts and pleasures of real society, but they do not lose quality and integrity. Their lusts and passions are hard to accept even now.
But doesn't this also reflect the free and independent mood of the Ming people?
References: Qin Huaizhi, Wu Miscellaneous Tricks, Banqiao Miscellaneous Records, Ming History