During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungar rebelled against the Qing Dynasty, becoming a great threat to the northwest of the Qing Dynasty, and the Kangxi Emperor conquered it three times, and finally destroyed the Dzungar Khan Kaldan. Why did the talented Kangxi fight for more than 7 years before he was destroyed? Because behind Kaldan, there is a strong supporter, that is, Tsarist Russia. At the same time as the Qing army and Kaldan fought, Tsarist Russia began to send troops to invade the northeast repeatedly, and finally, a war broke out between the two sides in Yaksa, the Qing army repelled Tsarist Russia, and then the two sides negotiated peace, thus giving birth to the Treaty of Nebuchu.
Why did Kangxi negotiate peace with the enemy? Why did Tsarist Russia also negotiate peace? The historical background at that time was this: Tsarist Russia had been invading the Heilongjiang region of China, and had twice captured Yaksa, although both were defeated by the Qing Dynasty. On the surface, Tsarist Russia suffered heavy losses, and in fact the Qing Dynasty did not make a profit. At that time, although Kangxi quelled the Rebellion of San Francisco, Gardan in the northwest was very arrogant, and in order to avoid fighting on both sides, Kangxi agreed to negotiate peace at the suggestion of Soetu. In addition to the war with the Qing Dynasty, the northwest, Poland and Sweden were also attacking Tsarist Russia. Therefore, the idea of negotiating peace is supported by both parties. However, it took more than 3 years to discuss the specific discussion.
The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar is significant, from the point of view of modern historiography:
The Treaty of Nebuchu clarified the border between China and Russia at that time, and legally determined that most of the territory south of the Waixing'an Mountains, heilongjiang, and ussuri rivers, including Sakhalin Island, belonged to China.
This is not a crude treaty, but a treaty protected by international law. This treaty bankrupted the Russian conspiracy to occupy northeast China and brought years of peace to the border between China and Russia.
What seems like a good treaty, is it actually beautiful? The answer, of course, is no. Because the Treaty of Nebuchu had been negotiated for 3 years, the original plan of the Qing Dynasty was originally more ambitious than the territory in the treaty, but the Russian authorities formulated three different border divisions in order to obtain the greatest benefit, and the minimum requirement was to occupy Yaksa (which originally belonged to the Qing Dynasty). Therefore, although it took 3 years and although the negotiations were successful, the essence of this treaty was that the Qing Dynasty suffered losses and lost a large area of land, including the world's largest freshwater lake - Lake Baikal.
According to records, the negotiator on the side of the Treaty of Nebuchu was Soetu, who argued with reason when negotiating with Tsarist Russia, and was praised by Kangxi. However, in the book "Miscellaneous Records of Eaves Exposure" by zhao Yi, a famous poet and historian of the Qing Dynasty, it is recorded that there are 4 lines (vertical lines):
In the Kangxi Dynasty, Shengzu sent his bodyguard Toshuo to the border of Piding. Toshuo meishu eyebrows, favored by the heroine, where three years to return. The eighteen articles that have been set are all made from the pillow and are still observed to this day.
This passage is very interesting, probably meaning that in the middle of the Kangxi Dynasty, Kangxi sent a bodyguard named Toshuo to negotiate the border between Czarist Russia, and Toshuo was lustful and was favored by the Russian empress for 3 years before returning, so the 18 articles of China in the Treaty of Nebuchu were all negotiated by the tsarist empress with beauty and negotiation at the pillow.
During the negotiations, the Tsarist Tsar Peter was young, and his sister Sophia Regent, although not an empress, had the status of an empress, and the "favored by the heroine" in the text referred to the fact that the Tsarist empress used the pillow wind to conquer the bodyguard Toshuo, so that the Qing Dynasty agreed to the Tsar's 18 suggestions and finally signed the treaty. When I read this passage, I always think of Wei Xiaobao's playing With Sophia in "Deer Ding", but unfortunately, according to the meaning of this passage, this is not the Qing Dynasty playing Tsarist Russia, but Tsarist Russia taking advantage. Therefore, some scholars say:
Empress of Russia
Infiltrating chinese emissaries, Kangxi lost a large area of territory in the north
At the same time, the border between China and Russia was demarcated, so that Kangxi lost the opportunity to expand north.
However, the author believes that although Zhao Yi is a historiographer, his remarks may not be true. It is true that the Qing Dynasty lost a large area of territory, and Zhao Yi regretted it, but he could not directly say that it was Kangxi's fault, and could only indirectly explain it with the behavior of a bodyguard: The "Treaty of Nebuchu" at that time was a great shame for some people.